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Acid-base balance in the body is all about the homeostasis of which ion in the body?
Why can H+ ions bind to proteins?
Compare the concentrations of Na+ and H+ ions in the extracellular fluid.
Each pH change is a ? fold change in [H+]?
What is the pH of the blood?
Why is pH used to express [H+]?
How is [H+] being expressed in pH? i.e. pH = ...
What is the survival range of pH?
What is the narrow normal range of the pH of blood that homeostatic mechanisms maintain?
What would the physiological conditions of arterial blood pH decreasing below 7.35 (to 7, 6.5 etc) and increase above 7.45 (to 8, 8.5 etc) be called?
Why is [H+] so important for protein function?
List some factors that cause pH in the body to change.
How are volatile acids excreted from the body?
How are non-volatile acids excreted?
Which acid is produced by CO2 in the plasma?
What is the equation for the production of carbonic acid in the plasma and its ionic dissociation?
What is the typical daily load of volatile acids (primarily carbonic acid) that must be excreted?
What is the daily overall non-volatile acid load that the body must excrete?
Which two amino acids produce H2SO4 in their metabolism?
Which three amino acids produce HCl in their metabolism?
Which two amino acids produce HCO3- in their metabolism?
What are the three main systems that control pH in the body?
How do buffers minimise pH change?
Give the equation for HCl being buffered in the body.
Give the equation for NaOH being buffered in the body.
What is the most important extracellular fluid buffer?
Why would HCO3- being rapidly acting mean that it has a finite buffering capacity?
What is mEq/L?
What is the typical concentration of HCO3- in the blood?
What is the equation for the production of HCO3- ions?
Which chemicals are the two prime determinants of blood pH?
How will the below equation be affected by the addition of H+?
H2O + CO2 -> H2CO3 -> H+ + HCO3-
What is the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation for pH with regard to HCO3- and CO2?
Based on the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, calculate blood pH from standard HCO3-, and PCO2.
With regard to the two main determinants of blood pH (CO2 and HCO3-), what kind of disorder might a change in each be indicative of?
What constitutes the largest buffer, despite buffering not being their primary function?
What is a simple equation to show the protein buffering system?
What is the equation for the phosphate buffer system?
Clue: it involves disodium hydrogen phosphate.
Give an example of a protein buffer that puts the shape change that results from H+ binding to good use. What is the equation for H+ binding?
Which is faster at acting on acid-balance balance: the respiratory system or the buffer system?
The respiratory system removes CO2. Use an equation to show how hyperventilation reduces [H+].
How does the respiratory system have an infinite capacity for acid-base balance?
Which is the slowest pH regulation system?
How do the kidneys get rid of non-volatile acids?
In urine, what are H+ ions buffered by?
Given that the respiratory system affects the CO2 end of the below equation, where does the renal system affect?
CO2 + H2O <-> H2CO3 <-> HCO3- + H+
Renal reabsorption of HCO3- is indirect unlike direct Na+ reabsorption. How does it occur?
Why do the kidneys also produce new HCO3-?
How do the kidneys also produce more HCO3-?
Which two broad categories of acid-base disorder can be attributed to CO2?
Name two possible causes of respiratory acidosis.
Name two possible causes of respiratory alkalosis.
Name two broad categories of acid-balance base disorder that are not attributable to CO2.
Name a physiological and a pathological cause for metabolic acidosis.
Name a pathological cause of metabolic alkalosis.
What is the ratio of H2CO3:HCO3- before the onset of acidosis?
What is the ratio of H2CO3:HCO3- in respiratory acidosis?
How does the body compensate for the 2:20 ratio of H2CO3:HCO3- in acidosis?
What is the clinical therapy for acidosis to restore the H2CO3:HCO3- ratio?
What are the primary pH, PCO2, and HCO3- changes in respiratory acidosis?
What is the ratio of H2CO3:HCO3- in respiratory alkalosis?
How does the body compensate for the altered H2CO3:HCO3- ratio in respiratory alkalosis?
What clinical therapy is given to correct the H2CO3:HCO3- ratio in respiratory alkalosis?
What are the primary changes in pH, pCO2 and [HCO3-] in respiratory alkalosis?
What is there excess presence of in metabolic acidosis?
What is the ratio of H2CO3:HCO3- in metabolic acidosis?
How does the body compensate for metabolic acidosis to normalise the altered ratio of H2CO3:HCO3-?
What is the clinical treatment for metabolic acidosis?
What are the primary changes in pH, pCO2 and HCO3- in metabolic acidosis?
Why might [HCO3-] change in metabolic alkalosis?
What is the ratio of H2CO3:HCO3- in metabolic alkalosis?
How does the body compensate for metabolic alkalosis?
What is the clinical treatment for metabolic alkalosis?
What are the primary changes in pH, pCO2, and [HCO3-] in metabolic alkalosis?
No other physiological stress produces as much acid as...
A brisk walk increases the body's volatile acid load by how many times?
Can you maintain the same level of acid-base balance in higher intensity exercise that you can in lower intensity exercise?
Why do furry animals tend to go into respiratory alkalosis during exercise?
Why do humans tend to go into metabolic acidosis when exercising and thermoregulating, rather than respiratory alkalosis like furry animals do?
Which is higher during exercise: volatile or non-volatile acid load?
How much of the lactic acid produced during exercise dissociates into H+ and lactate at cell pH?
Why is lactic acid produced in exercise?
Detectable changes in lactic acid concentration occur above the anaerobic threshold. What is the anaerobic threshold?
With the appearance of lactic acid above the anaerobic threshold, one cannot maintain both pH and pCO2. How might one regulate pH or pCO2?
Just above the anaerobic threshold, lactic acid (La) is buffered by HCO3-. What is the equation for this?
Lactic acid is buffered by HCO3-, producing CO2. This CO2 is expired by the lungs, so isocapnic buffering is achieved. What is the result of the decrease in HCO3-?
At higher workrates, acidosis triggers respiratory compensation. How does this lead to exhaustion if exercise continues?
