An interdisciplinary field dedicated to the study of how individuals and groups tend to act in organizations is called
a. sociology.
c. cultural anthropology.
d. psychology.
e. organizational behavior.
Which of the following refers to work behavior that goes beyond job requirements and contributes as needed to the organization's success?
a. Job satisfaction
b. Organizational citizenship
c. Cognitive dissonance
d. Job involvement
e. Organizational Commitment
An evaluation that predisposes a person to act in a certain way is called a(n)
a. attitude. b. authoritarianism. c. perception. d. projection. e. personality.
a. attitude.
The ____ is the beliefs, opinions, and information a person has about the object of an attitude.
a. affective component b. feeling component c. cognitive component d. behavioral component e. dissonance aspect of attitude
c. cognitive component
When Bonnie remarks that she loves the classes she is taking this semester, it refers to which component of attitude?
a. Knowledge b. Behavior c. Dissonance d. Affect e. Cognitions
d. Affect
Kendall, a senior at Morgan University, believes that it is okay to get at "B" but more important to learn in a class than get an easy "A" without learning. Kendall's belief reflects which component of attitude?
a. Behavior b. Affect c. Dissonance d. Feeling e. Cognitions
e. Cognitions
____ refers to a positive attitude toward one's job.
a. Organizational citizenship b. Job satisfaction c. Cognitive dissonance d. Organizational commitment e. Job involvement
b. Job satisfaction
People generally experience ____ when their work matches their needs and interests, when working conditions and rewards (such as pay) are satisfactory, and when the employees like their co-workers.
a. job involvement b. extroversion c. cognitive dissonance d. Machiavellianism e. job satisfaction
e. job satisfaction
Research shows that the link between ____ and ____ is small and is influenced by other factors.
a. satisfaction; performance b. stress; work c. stress; home d. stress; performance e. satisfaction; personality
a. satisfaction; performance
____ refers to loyalty to the heavy involvement in the organization.
a. Organization citizenship b. Job satisfaction c. Dissonance d. Organizational commitment e. Job involvement
d. Organizational commitment
____ is defined as a positive attitude toward one's job.
a. Occupation approval b. Career fulfillment c. Job satisfaction d. Organizational happiness e. Organizational commitment
c. Job satisfaction
Roy is a top executive at a cigarette manufacturing company who believes that cigarettes are dangerous products and they kill people. This condition can be described as
a. job involvement. b. extroversion. c. cognitive dissonance. d. Machiavellianism. e. job satisfaction.
c. cognitive dissonance.
The cognitive process people use to make sense out of the environment by selecting, organizing, and interpreting information is called
a. selective retention. b. dissonance. c. attitude. d. perception. e. personality.
d. perception.
Which of the following describes the last step in the perception process?
a. Observing information b. Screening the information c. Selecting what to process d. Organizing the selected data into patterns e. Transmitting the observed information
d. Organizing the selected data into patterns
____ is the process by which individuals screen and select the various objects and stimuli that vie for their attention.
a. Person-job fit b. Perceptual selectivity c. Organizational citizenry d. Projection e. Perceptual grouping
b. Perceptual selectivity
____ supports the old truism that first impressions are important.
a. Contrast b. Values and beliefs c. Primacy d. Personality e. Recency
c. Primacy
Doug wants to look his best when he goes for interviewing. He is focusing on which of these perceiver's characteristics?
a. Contrast b. Personality c. Needs and motivation d. Primacy e. Recency
d. Primacy
Which of the following is the tendency to assign an individual to a group or broad category and then to attribute widely held generalizations about the group to the individual?
a. Stereotyping b. Projection c. Figure-ground d. The halo effect e. Perceptual defense
a. Stereotyping
An overall impression of a person or situation based on one attribute, either favorable or unfavorable, is an example of
a. projection. b. the halo effect. c. perceptual defense. d. stereotyping. e. attribution.
b. the halo effect.
Josh evaluates Kandi's performance and gives her an “outstanding” based on his knowledge that she came to work everyday earlier than anyone else and therefore she is extremely hardworking. Josh is making which of these errors in perceptual judgment?
a. Perceptual defense b. Projection c. Stereotyping d. The halo effect e. Figure-ground
d. The halo effect
Which of the following refers to the tendency to see one's own personal traits in other people?
b. Projection
____ describes a person who has observed others handle situations in the same way he would.
a. Distinctiveness b. Consensus c. Consistency d. Conscientiousness e. Agreeableness
b. Consensus
The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors on another's behavior and to overestimate the influence of internal factors is called
a. perceptual distortion. b. closure activity. c. the fundamental attribution error. d. stereotyping. e. perceptual grouping.
c. the fundamental attribution error.
The tendency to overestimate the contribution of internal factors to one's successes and the contribution of external factors to one's failures is a result of
a. self-serving bias. b. openness to experience. c. over stability. d. emotional plateau. e. Machiavellianism.
a. self-serving bias.
____ refers to the set of characteristics that underlie a relatively stable pattern of behavior in response to ideas, objects, or people in the environment.
a. Dissonance b. Personality c. Halo effect d. Attitude e. Perception
b. Personality
The Big Five personality factors includes all of these EXCEPT
a. extroversion. b. conscientiousness. c. emotional stability. d. locus of control. e. agreeableness.
d. locus of control.
Bernice is a talkative, assertive, and sociable individual who is very comfortable with interpersonal relationships. This describes which quality of Bernice?a. Machiavellianism
a. Machiavellianism b. Conscientiousness c. Agreeableness d. Emotional stability e. Extroversion
e. Extroversion
Jay is a trusting and forgiving individual who gets along with others because of being good-natured and cooperative. This describes which of the Big Five personality factors?
a. Agreeableness b. Conscientiousness c. Emotional stability d. Openness to experience e. Extroversion
a. Agreeableness
Which of the following refers to the degree to which a person is focused on a few goals, thus behaving in ways that are responsible, dependable, persistent, and achievement oriented?
b. Conscientiousness
If Ben is tense, nervous, depressed and insecure, he would tend to be rated as low on which of these factors?
c. Emotional stability
Canyon River, Inc. is looking for an individual who has a broad range of interests and is imaginative, creative, artistically sensitive, and willing to consider new ideas. Which of these factors are they emphasizing in their search?
d. Openness to experience
Traits of ____ seem to be particularly important in today's collaborative organizations.
a. likability b. agreeableness c. friendliness d. openness e. sociability
b. agreeableness
Managing emotion is a basic component of emotional intelligence. Which of the following best describes managing emotions?
a. It is the basis for all the other components; being aware of what you are feeling. b. It is the ability to balance one's moods so that worry, anxiety, fear, or anger do not cloud thinking. c. It is the ability to be hopeful and to persist in the face of obstacles. d. It is the ability to be able to put yourself in someone else's shoes. e. It is the ability to connect to others and build positive relationships.
b. It is the ability to balance one's moods so that worry, anxiety, fear, or anger do not cloud thinking.
A high degree of ____ means you can accurately assess your own strengths and limitations and have a healthy sense of self-confidence.
a. self-management b. social cohesiveness c. social awareness d. relationship management e. self-awareness
e. self-awareness
Which of the following refers to the tendenacy to place the primary responsibility for one's success or failure either within oneself or on outside forces?
a. Machiavellianism b. Emotional stability c. Locus of control d. Authoritarianism e. Extroversion
c. Locus of control
36. Individuals who believe that they control their own destiny are described as having a
a. high external locus of control. b. high Mach personality. c. low introversion characteristic. d. high internal locus of control. e. low Mach personality.
d. high internal locus of control.
Jason has been unemployed for three months. When his wife asked him why he was not looking for a job, Jason responded, "If I am lucky, I will get my old job back." Jason would be considered as having a(n)
a. external locus of control. b. high conscientiousness. c. sensation and intuition type personality. d. internal locus of control. e. high Mach attitude.
a. external locus of control.
People with an external locus of control are
a. more achievement oriented. b. better able to handle complex information and problem solving. c. more independent. d. easier to motivate. e. easier to lead.
e. easier to lead.
Which of the following terms is the belief that power and status differences should exist within the organization?
a. Extroversion b. Machiavellianism c. Authoritarianism d. Perceptual distortion e. Locus of control
c. Authoritarianism
Individuals high on authoritarianism have problems with
a. power and toughness. b. use of subjective feelings. c. sticking to conventional values. d. obeying recognized authority above them. e. critically judging others.
b. use of subjective feelings.
Which of the following is defined as the tendency to direct much of one's behavior toward the acquisition of power and the manipulation of others for personal gain?
a. Authoritarianism b. External locus of control c. Introversion characteristic d. Machiavellianism e. Organizational citizenship
d. Machiavellianism
42. Research shows that ____ are predisposed to being pragmatic, capable of lying to achieve personal goals, more likely to win in win-lose situations, and more likely to persuade than be persuaded.
a. high introverted individuals b. high authoritarians c. high Machs d. low extroverted individuals e. low Machs
c. high Machs
____ type people, according to Jung, would rather work with known facts and hard data and prefer routine and order in gathering information.
a. Feeling b. Gut-feel c. Intuitive d. Sensation e. Affective
d. Sensation
Which of these styles, according to Jung, avoids specifics, decentralizes decision-making and develops few rules and regulations?
a. Intuitive-feeling b. Sensation-thinking c. Intuitive-thinking d. Sensation-feeling e. None of these.
a. Intuitive-feeling
Which of these styles would likely be appropriate for a counseling job?
d. Sensation-feeling
The extent to which a person's ability and personality match the requirements of a job is called:
a. person-environment fit b. person-requirement fit c. person-job fit d. employee-organization fit e. employee-environment fit
c. person-job fit
A widely used personality test that measures how people differ on all four of Jung's sets of paired opposites is the ____.
a. Keirsey personality test b. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator c. Eysenck Personality Test d. Enneagram Personality Type Detector e. Oxford Capacity Analysis
b. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
The extent to which a person will fit into the overall organization is called:
a. person-environment fit
Which of the following refers to a change in behavior or performance that occurs as the result of experience?
a. Stress b. Conceptualization c. Observation d. Learning e. Distortion
d. Learning
The four stages of the learning process include all of the following EXCEPT:
a. concrete experience b. reflective observation c. abstract observation d. abstract conceptualization e. active experimentation
c. abstract observation
All of the following are fundamental learning styles labeled by researchers EXCEPT:
a. Assimilator b. Disseminator c. Diverger d. Accommodator e. Converger
b. Disseminator
Which of the following describes a person with the learning characteristics of being good at generating ideas and seeing a situation from multiple perspectives?
a. Diverger b. Assimilator c. Converger d. Accommodator e. None of these
a. Diverger
A person with the learning characteristics of being good at inductive reasoning and creating theoretical models is a(n):
a. diverger b. assimilator c. converger d. accommodator e. none of these
b. assimilator
A person with the learning characteristics of being good at decisiveness and practical application of ideas is a(n):
c. converger
Which of the following describes a person with the learning characteristics of being good at implementing decisions and carrying out plans?
d. Accommodator
Stress can be caused by
a. task demands. b. role demands. c. interpersonal demands. d. physical demands. e. all of these.
e. all of these.
Type A behavior pattern is characterized by all of these EXCEPT
a. impatience. b. devotion to work. c. aggressiveness. d. relaxed lifestyle. e. extreme competitiveness.
d. relaxed lifestyle.
Which of the following is the uncertainty about what behaviors are expected of a person in a particular role?
a. Role conflict b. Task overload c. Nonprogrammed decisions d. Role ambiguity e. Task underload
d. Role ambiguity
All of the following are things bad bosses do to create stress for their subordinates EXCEPT:
a. Bully and harass people to keep them on their toes. b. Create perpetual doubt about how well employees are performing. c. Fail to give people credit for their contributions and achievements. d. Impose unreasonable demands and overwhelming workloads. e. Tell people exactly what is expected of them.
e. Tell people exactly what is expected of them.
____ is considered by many employees to be the most effective work-life practice.
a. Daily flextime b. Offsite childcare c. Work from home network d. Telecommunication e. Reduced work schedule
a. Daily flextime
An individual’s strong belief that he or she can successfully accomplish a specific task or outcome is referred to as:
a. Locus of control b. Self-confidence c. Self-efficacy d. Perceptual selectivity e. Cognitive dissonance
c. Self-efficacy
The general assurance in one’s own ideas, judgment, and capabilities is referred to as:
b. Self-confidence
Studies have found that the characteristic most common to top executives is:
a. A Type A personality b. A workaholic mentality c. An unsatisfied worker d. An optimistic attitude e. An introverted personality
d. An optimistic attitude
William wakes up on Monday thinking, “I am going to get to work early this morning, get my tasks done, and help my colleagues with their tasks.” This is an example of which attitude component?
a. Cognition b. Affect c. Feeling d. Thought e. Behavior
e. Behavior
the following are tactics for promoting stronger organizational commitment EXCEPT:
a. Maintaining a secretive culture b. Being honest and trustworthy in business dealings c. Giving employees a say in business decisions d. Treating employees fairly e. Offering employees rewards that they value
a. Maintaining a secretive culture
When Sylvia receives her annual performance evaluation, she makes note of all of the positive statements that her supervisor has made, but subconsciously overlooks a handful of negative comments that are meant to help her improve in the future. This is a classic example of
a. The halo effect b. Stereotyping c. Low job satisfaction d. Perceptual selectivity e. Cognitive dissonance
d. Perceptual selectivity
__________ are errors in perceptual judgment that arise from inaccuracies in any part of the perceptual process.
a. Attributions b. Projected expressions c. Perceptual distortions d. Secondary perceptions e. Personality defenses
c. Perceptual distortions
Ralph is a tireless workaholic who spends most of his time thinking about work, even when not at work. He considers this to be the norm at his place of employment, and believes that his three subordinates are equally committed to their jobs. This is an example of which perceptual distortion?
a. Stereotyping b. Halo effect c. Perceptual defense d. Personality expression e. Projection
e. Projection
Frank regretfully missed an important deadline at work. His boss, George, thinks to himself, “Frank missed that deadline because he is lazy; I really need to crack down on him more.” This is an example of what kind of attribution?
a. External attribution b. Internal attribution c. Horizontal attribution d. Vertical attribution e. Skewed attribution
b. Internal attribution
Rachel is described by her colleagues as pragmatic, super-competitive, and more likely to persuade than be persuaded. She fits which personality category most closely?
a. High Mach b. Low Mach c. High Feeling d. Low Feeling e. Moderate Thinking
a. High Mach
Maliah bases her judgments on impersonal analysis. To resolve problems at work, she uses reason and logic rather than personal values or emotional aspects of the situation. In gathering information, Maliah prefers routine and order. Based on this information, Maliah ranks highly in which Myers-Briggs category?
a. Judging-Perceiving b. Intuitive-Thinking c. Sensation-Thinking d. Sensation-Feeling e. Intuitive-Feeling
c. Sensation-Thinking
Henry, an easy-going and laid back individual, just accepted an attorney position at an elite law firm that is known for its formal and authoritarian culture. What is the fit mismatch that Henry should be concerned about?
a. Person-job fit b. Task-role fit c. Job-environment fit d. Person-environment fit e. Role-person fit
d. Person-environment fit
When managers who express positive emotions such as happiness, enthusiasm, and appreciation trigger these same positive emotions in employees, ___________ is happening.
a. Perceptual selectivity b. Cognitive dissonance c. Contagious feeling d. Self-efficacy e. Emotion contagion
e. Emotion contagion
Seeking positions of power and responsibility, Chandra has rapidly moved up the ranks within her organization. Colleagues describe her as someone with a tremendous amount of energy, and a powerful force for leadership within the organization. Based on this description, Chandra has what type of personality?
a. Type A b. Type B c. Type C d. Type X e. Type Y
a. Type A
________ conflict occurs when an individual perceives incompatible demands from others.
a. Attitude b. Role c. Personality d. Perception e. Ability
b. Role
