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Mind Map on A2 Geography- Water Conflicts, created by sophielee0909 on 01/04/2014.
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701692
mind_map
2018-03-07T16:48:35Z
A2 Geography- Water Conflicts
geography of water
supply
risks of water
insecurity
water conflicts and the
future
synoptic
links
world water gap between
growing demand and
diminishing supplies
population growth,
economic
development, rising
SoL. -lead to conflict
water supplies unevenly
spread, surpluses and
deficits
water availability gap-
LEDC & MEDC.-reflection
of development gap.-
imbalance in usage
climate change-
developing nations
lack of resilience &
technology to adapt
over abstraction of costal
areas & rising sea levels-
saltwater contamination
cost of safe
water supply in
megacities
rising- slum
users 6x more
costly
pollution of
supplies in
developing
countries & rapid
urban growth-
rising demand
physical
factors
climate-
distribution-
annual
&
seasonal
rainfall
rivers-
transfer
of
surface
water
geology-
distribution
of aquifers,
supply
underground
water
Bluewater flow-
visible part of
hydrological
cycle
water stress,
scarcity and
vulnerability
2025- 1/2
worlds
population
water
vulnerable.-
many under
water stress
Scarcity- annual supply drops below 1000m^3 per
person.
physical- more than
75% of countries
river flows being
used
economic- development of blue water
sources limited by lack of
capital/technology- Africa-only have
access to 25% of supplies
climate change & deterioration of ecosystems, rapid economic
development(superpowers), water stress rising- 2050-4 billion-middle east &
africa and asia.
MEDC- US USA & Spain- require water transfers and widespread
desalination.
human
impacts
quantity
remove water from groundwater sources &
rivers, drinking, irrigation & industry.
overabstraction-supplies not
replenished-reserves lost-rainfall
can't recharge underground
stores
quality
pollute surface and groundwater
supplies
sewage disposal-forced to use unsafe water- water bourne
diseases-typhoid, cholera & hepatitis. -135m deaths 2020.
farmers-chemical fertilisers- contaminate groundwater & rivers- hypoxia & dead
zones in seas
industrial waste dumped- heavy
metals & chemical waste toxic
water
insecurity
not having access
to sufficient, safe
water
WPI(water Poverty Index)- how general poverty is linked to water
poverty.- assesses aspects of water management-
resources(quantity-renewable supply), access(improved water supply
& sanitation), capacity (GDP per capita, mortality rate, education), use (
amount used per person/sector in proportion to GDP generated),
environmental impact (water quality & stress)
water supply
problems
essential to support irrigation- food production- high
tech cash crop farming-green revolution-high
demands on water
support industry-
coca-cola bottling plant-
Kerala- 4.5m L local
water a day
Hydroelectric power
production & cooling in
thermal power
processing.
safe,secure water
supplies- better health &
higher standards of
human wellbeing, MDG's
extraction & use of water resources- environmental damage & supply problems. e.g
Soviet union- 75% surface water polluted. Aral sea declined to 10% of original size- river
diversions for cotton crop irrigation. Salination ecological and environmental impacts. -
World bank restoring.
water conflicts
water
geopolitics
water
transfers
demands
for irrigation,
energy,
industry,
domestic
use,
recreation,
conservation.-
tension
water hotspots/pressure points-
need for management
diminishing
supply- impact of
climate change,
deterioration
quality, impact of
competing users
e.g upstream v
downstream
rising
demands-
population
growth,
economic
development
competing
demands- internal
conflicts in a
basin,
international
issues- upstream
v downstream,
irrigation
mainly upstream users diverting
water/ impact of dams. - committees
established.- flood control,
infrastructure, technical cooperation
e.g Mekong river committee
Current examples of surface water
conflict
Jordan
river- Use
of river
by Israel,
Jordan,
Lebanon
& Syria-
reduced
river flow.
effects
supplies
to
Palestine.
Ganges-
India built
dams
(Faraka)-
reduced
flow of river
into
Bangleadesh
Colorado
basin-
Disputes
over
state
allocation-
quality
&
quantity
to
Mexico
does
not
reach
agreed
standard
Nile basin-
schemes in
Ethiopia and
Sudan
threaten
supplies to
Egypt.-
management
agreements
in
place
Groundwater
conflicts-
Aquifer usage
pressure points- middle east,
Arabia & N Africa- water so over
abstracted it cannot be
replenished.
Subterranean aquifers-
straddle international
boundaries- Shared
groundwater usage
supplies underground- takes long time for
effects to be visible, hard to negotiate
share for each nation- not owned,
developed nations mine water more
efficiently-deeper wells & more efficient
pumps, lack of official legislation.
Helsinki rules- general agreement that
international treaties must include
'equitable use' within drainage basins
when dividing criterial for water sharing
Criteria- natural factors,
downstream impacts,
social and economic
needs, prior use
player with greatest
military, economic &
political power is the
winner.
Multilateral aid
scheme from world
bank- water sharing
agreements built in if
it involves a
transnational river
laws passed- 'law of
the river'-share out
water of Colorado
between US states &
Mexico.- Still
disagreements,
especially during
drought.
diversion of water
from one drainage
basin to another-
diversions/canal
construction. from
surplus to defecit
Techno-fixes for
water
redistribution-huge
environmental &
economic costs-
desalination more
viable
Issues
Source area- drop in flow of unto
60%- diversions, low river flow &
pollution- impact on ecosystems,
combine with climate change to
create water scarcity
Receiving area- Availability of water leads to greater use-
development etc, unsustainable irrigated farming-
agribusiness, Nitrate eutrophication, salivation, ecosystem
destruction, pollution transfer
Snowy mountains scheme-
SE Australia- Water
transferred form storage
lake-Eucumbene- via tunnel
to Murray river to irrigate
farms in drought area
S to N China transfer
project- began 2003- 50 yrs
to complete- $100B.
Transfer from water secure
South to drought stricken
North via 1300km canals-
Yangtze to Yellow Huai &
Hai rivers
India-
planning
national
water
network-
better
distribution
of supplies to
water defect
areas. More
even spread.
Canada- surplus-
NAWAPA scheme-
transfer water form
Alaska & NW
Canada to S
California & Mexico.
will effect environment,
health & wellbeing, food
security
Business as Usual-unsustainable
Water Crisis-
mismanagement of
water resources/
climate change
water scarcity-reduce food production, consumption of water
rise by 50%, household water use increase by 70%(developed),
industrial water demand increase(developing)
developing countries become reliant upon food imports &
experience hunger & malnutrition. Water pumped faster
than aquifers can recharge- W USA, Africa, China, India
global water
consumption further
increase-irrigation,
worldwide demand for
domestic water fall,
demand for industrial
water increase by 33%
but output remain the
same
food production decline &
food prices(cereals)
increase rapidly.
developing- Malnutrition &
food insecurity increase.
dam building decline-fewer
potential sites, key
aquifers(China,India,N
Africa) fail. conflict increase
Sustainable water
global water consumption & industrial water
use fall, environmental flows increased, global
rain-fed crop yields increase- improvements in
water harvesting & sustainable farming,
Agricultural & Household water prices
x2(developed) & x3(developing)
Food production increase slightly &
shifts in where it is grown. Prices fall
slowly. Governments, international
donors, farmers increase investment
in crop research, technology &
reforms in water management.
Governments delegate farm
management to community groups
Water players & decision makers
Political-International
organisations (UN) responsible
for MDGs, gov't depts, councils,
pressure groups to fight
issues-mega dams
Economic(Business)- World bank & IMF
fund mega projects & legislation for
trans-boundary schemes, TNC water
companies-run supply business. TNCs &
Businesses that are large users ( agriculture,
industry, energy, recreation)
Social(human welfare)- Individuals,
residents, consumers, land owners,
farmers, access to water is human
right. Health officials- try to ensure
safe water, NGOs-water aid-develop
sustainable schemes for LDCs
Environmental(sustainable
development)-
Conservationists- fight hard
engineering schemes/save
wetlands. Scientists &
planners- develop new
schemes. WWF/UNESCO.
Controversy
Social-access is human right, Political- human need-
best provided through market mechanisms. To meet
MDG- half proportion of people without access to
improved water supply-$200B.- LDC governments
rely on private organisations to develop water supply
infrastructure.- can lead to rising prices for
consumers & lack of environmental improvement.
to keep up with demand, political &
businesses prefer hard engineering-
mega dams, water transfer projects &
desalination plant clusters.- high social,
economic & environmental costs -
unsustainable
responses to rising demands
hard engineering projects
dams-845,000, 5000 mega
dams. 2/3 fresh surface
water obstructed.
Unsustainable. 1/2 used for
irrigated agriculture.
large scale water transfers- schemes
have huge environmental
consequences for source & receiving
areas.
Desalination- in water
stressed technologically
advanced countries- UAE,
USA, Spain. Costs lowering-
improved technology
Water Conservation
agriculture- spray technology & drip irrigation- uses less water.
grey water use- recycled industrial water
domestic users- water
meters- eco-kettles,
water harvesting,
water companies
fixing broken pipes
restoring damaged
wetlands to natural state-
renew water stores- Aral
Sea.
Integrated water management
Groundwater
management-
Aquifer storage &
reuse, quality &
quantity modelling
waterway management- river
rehabilitation,sustainable water
allocation, waterway health,
environmental flows, waterway
structures.
Monitoring technology- Sensor
technology, real-time wireless
monitoring & control systems
Integrated urban water
management- Water
treatment technology, water
sensitive urban design,
water harvesting & reuse
Players- public/private issues, exploitation/conservation issues, supplier/user issues.
Actions- resources usually government managed, but supply controlled by private companies
Futures- Sustainability- conservation of existing supplies.
Links to other units- Unit 1-world at risk( impact of short term climate
change). Unit 2- technological fix( major engineering projects and
appropriate technology), bridging the development gap(role of water as
lifeblood of development), Superpower geographies(role of mega
engineering projects in raising the profile of China and India). Wider
global issues- climate change and global warming responsible fro
increasing water crisis. development gap-access to clean water in LDCs
more difficult & cost is higher. sustainability of water as a resource.
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2018-03-07T16:48:35Z
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