DNA is replicated during the during interphase of the cell cycle
when a cell has become so specialized that it will never reproduce, it enters the phase of the cell cycle.
a chromosome has 2 sister chromatids
is the process where the homologous pairs of chromosomes come together to form a tetrid
humans have ❌ pairs of autosomal chromosomes and 2 sex chromosomes
cell division takes place during the
homologous pairs of chromosomes carry genes for the same traits at the same loci but may carry different alleles for these genes
a haploid cell has half the diploid N number of chromosomes
the phase of the cell cycle that has primarily for growth , development and specialization is the G1 Phase
the cell prepares for division by growing and reproducing during the G@ phase of the cell cycle
formation of the cell plate occurs during in plant cells
the first phase of mitosis is
the dyad chromosomes are separated into monads during
telophase
prophase
anaphase
during metaphase the dyad chromosomes
line up along the metaphase plate
the nuclear membrane breaks apart
the nucleus disapears
chromosomes are captured and moved by a series of microtubulose called the that cross the equator of the cell
the nuclear membrane reforms, chromosomes uncoil and nucleolus reappears during
in animal cells cytokinesis occurs when a protein surrounds the cell and tightens eventually dividing the cell in two
the 4 types of cancer that account for more than half of all cases
lung
prostate
breast
colon
kidney
stomach
the cell mass formed by the inappropriate proliferation of cells is a tumor
the spread of cancer cells from the primary tissue to form cancer cluster in other tissues is called metastais
are the root cause of all cancers
in the DNA a gene that causes cell proliferation is called
proto-oncogenes
oncogenes
when prto-oncogenes become hyperactive due to mutations its called an
tumor
metastatis
genes that keep cancerous cells in check are called suppressor genes
it takes mutations in multiple proto oncogenes and tumor supressor genes withen a cell to become cancerous
retstrains cancerous changes in many ways detetcting damage to dna triggering repairs halting the cell cycleuntil repairs are completed and if it cant repair it triggers death
BRCA 1&2 and P53
chemotherapy
traditional cancer treatments are and by killing rapidly dividing cells
new therapies include activity and the use of that seek out and selctivly destroy malignent cells
cell division is controlled by positive and negitive growth regulators
5% of cancers are hereditary caused in part by mutations in genes
a is any physical,chemical or biological agent that elevates the risk of cancer
2 viruses associated with increased cancer risks are and
is when blood vessels form around a tumor
the advantage to crossing over is
the first stage of mitosis is where chromatin coils up into dyad chromosomes and the nuclear membrane breaks apart the nucleolus disappears and the spindle starts to form
the 2nd phase of mitosis where the spindle is completed the dyads line up along the metaphase plate
the 3rd phase of mitosis is the centromere holding the two sister chromatids together splits the newly separated chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles of the cell
the 4th phase of mitosis where the chromosomes uncoil the nuclear membrane reforms the nucleolus reappares cytokineses occurs
lines up pairs , separating homogulous pairs and meosis 2 is just like
division reduces the number of chromosomes
Xy is a
XX is a
humans have autosomal pairs, sex chromosomes which is total
in human cells, the N is the number of haploid cells which is 23
in human cells the is 46 diploid cells
cytokinesis in plant cells use a
cytokenisis in animals cells use a protein
asexual reproduction is more energy effecient but sexual provides more variation
charachteristics of cancer cells
spread
self sufficiency
formation of bloof vessels