ZOOL 461 Midterm Review

Question 1 of 136

1

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

Glia cells have to categories: Microglia and Macroglia
One type pf microglia are ( Macrophages, Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, Schwann Cells ) that are responsible for cleaning up dead tisse
The three types of ( Macroglia, Macrophages, Microglia, Masterglia ) are Asctocytes, Oligodendrocytes, and Schwann Cells

Explanation

Question 2 of 136

1

What type of Glial cell provides physical support, chemical support, and creates the blood brain barrier?

Select one of the following:

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Schwann Cells

Explanation

Question 3 of 136

1

What type of glial cell creates a myelin sheath, assists in conduction, and is confined to the CNS?

Select one of the following:

Astrocytes
Schwann Cells
Oligodendrocytes

Explanation

Question 4 of 136

1

What type of glial cell are single cells that wrap around axons, create the myelin sheath, assist in conduction, and are confined to the PNS?

Select one of the following:

Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Schwann Cells

Explanation

Question 5 of 136

1

Typically there is more...

Select one of the following:

Na+ inside the cell than outside
Na+ outside the cell than inside
More K+ outside the cell

Explanation

Question 6 of 136

1

What equation describes the relation between concentration differences of a permeating ion (free flow) across a membrane and the membrane potential at equilibrium?

Select one of the following:

The Goldman Equation
V=IR
The Nernst Equation
v=m/s

Explanation

Question 7 of 136

1

In the Nernst equation the shortcut numbers from valence 1 (Na+, K+) and 18 degrees to 37 degrees and from valence 2 (Ca2+) and 18 to 37 degrees are...

Select one of the following:

58,29,30.5,61
58,61,29,30.5
57,61,28,30.5
29,30.5,58,61

Explanation

Question 8 of 136

1

When using the Nernst equation for ions with a negative valence (Cl-) you must switch the concentration protion of the equation to Cin/Cout rather than Cout/Cin

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 9 of 136

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

With ion free flow..
K+ should produce a 've environment inside the cell
Na+ should produce a 've environment inside the cell
Cl- should produce a 've environment inside the cell

Explanation

Question 10 of 136

1

What equation takes into account permeability and assumes infinite permeability with regard to ion movement?

Select one of the following:

The Nernst Equation
The Goldman Equation
The Ion Equation
None of the above

Explanation

Question 11 of 136

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

The resting voltage potential of...
K+ is mV
Na+ is mV
Cl- is mV

Explanation

Question 12 of 136

1

When a membrane moved from -65mV -> a more negative value it is known as

Select one of the following:

Depolarization
Hyperpolarization
Neutral polarization
Additive polarization

Explanation

Question 13 of 136

1

The time constant (t) represents how quickly membrane potential changes with charge and...

Select one of the following:

Represents the duration of time a membrane takes to reach 53% of its max V
Represents the duration of time a membrane takes to reach 67% of its max V
Represents the duration of time a membrane takes to reach 63% of its max V

Explanation

Question 14 of 136

1

The statement below correstond to:
- anything physical preventing movement of charge down an axon
- the ability of charge to leak from the axon

Select one of the following:

Ri and Rm
Rm and Ri
Rf and Ri
Rt and Rm

Explanation

Question 15 of 136

1

The length constant lambda measures how far along an axon you have to travel before there is a significant change in membrane potential (27% of initial V)

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 16 of 136

1

What are the passive electrical properties?

Select one or more of the following:

time delayed change in membrane potential
temporal summation and subtraction
distance degradation

Explanation

Question 17 of 136

1

An excitatory response usually refers to the movement of ❌ ions, and an inhibitory response is often refering to the movement of ❌ ions.

Drag and drop to complete the text.

Na+

Cl-

Explanation

Question 18 of 136

1

What are the characteristics of an Axon Hillock?

Select one or more of the following:

Its the origin of the action potential
It is known as the integration center
It is dense in voltage gates Na+ Channels
It is dense in GAP Junctions
It is the origin of the axon form the cell body

Explanation

Question 19 of 136

1

Ion Channels have...

Select one or more of the following:

4 domains
6 domains
4 membrane spanning segments
6 membrane spanning segments
an "l-loop" to create a pore for ions to travel through
a "p-loop" to create a pore for ions to travel through

Explanation

Question 20 of 136

1

❌: depends on ligand presence
❌: if an intracellular component is phosphorylated the channel will open
❌: Cytoskeletal proteins adhere channel to membrane, any disruption of membrane causes cytoskeleton proteins to tighten-> channel opens

Drag and drop to complete the text.

A Ligand Gated Channel

Phosphorylation Gated Channel

Stretch or Pressure Gated Channel

Explanation

Question 21 of 136

1

K+ Voltage gated channels...

Select one or more of the following:

Have 4 repeats of a smaller protein subunit
4 individual subunits
Have 3 repeats of a smaller protein subunit
3 individual subunits

Explanation

Question 22 of 136

1

What is the most important mode of ion channel selectivity?

Select one of the following:

Chemoreception
Hydration Shells
Physical size
Shape

Explanation

Question 23 of 136

1

What are the characteristics of an Action Potential?

Select one or more of the following:

All or none response
The signal degrades
The signal does not degrade
Moves unidirectionally
Moves multidirectionally
Depends on membrane potential change
Depends on ligands

Explanation

Question 24 of 136

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

The action potential:
: key components of AP are K+ channels and voltage gated Na+ and K+ channels
: Charge already in axon moves from a different site, build up of positive charge
: activation threshold passed, Na+ channels open, rapid depolarization
: AP approaches Nernst potential for Na+
: Na+ channels become inactive, some K+ channels open
: occurs because K+ channels cant close quickly, permeability to K+ greater than at rest
: more K+ channels close, Na+/K+ pump returns the membrane to resting potential

Explanation

Question 25 of 136

1

The unidirectionality of the Action Potential is due to the fact that Na+ channels inactivate

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 26 of 136

1

What are the periods of time after an AP where it is impossible and difficult to generate another AP?

Select one of the following:

Relative and Absolute Refractory Period
Negative and Positive Refractory Period
Up and Down Refractory Period
Absolute and Relative Refractory Period

Explanation

Question 27 of 136

1

What makes it hard to trigger a second AP in close proximity to an initial AP?

Select one or more of the following:

Increased K+ permeability
The temperature of the membrane
The inactivation of Na+ channels
The unidirectionality
The decreased membrane resistance

Explanation

Question 28 of 136

1

What factors influence the conduction velocity of an axon?

Select one or more of the following:

Length
Diameter
Temperature
Shape
Myelination
None of the above

Explanation

Question 29 of 136

1

Increased diameter increases internal resistance

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 30 of 136

1

Decreased Ri leads to an increased lamda (length constant)

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 31 of 136

1

Myelination effects Ri

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 32 of 136

1

A 2 degree temperature change increases conduction my 2x

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 33 of 136

1

increased diameter= decreased Ri= increased S.A= increased Rm

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 34 of 136

1

What characterizes Gap Junctions?

Select one or more of the following:

Chemical synapses
Electrical synapses
Non-chemical communication
Slow response
Two hemi channels
Blocking connection between two cells
Ions and proteins can pass through
Rapid communication
Synchrony between cells
Bidirectional movement

Explanation

Question 35 of 136

1

You usually find Gap Junctions in cardiomycetes, in the retina, various aquatic animals (escape response, electrical), in glial cells, and in neurons

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 36 of 136

1

What is the entire purpose of an Action Potential?

Select one of the following:

To activate Cl- channels
To maintain homeostasis
To activate Ca2+ channels
To maintain the CNS

Explanation

Question 37 of 136

1

What is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter?

Select one of the following:

GABA
Glutamate
Glucose
Dopamine

Explanation

Question 38 of 136

1

What is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter?

Select one of the following:

GABA
Glutamate
Inhibin
Serotonin

Explanation

Question 39 of 136

1

An Axon Collateral is when an axon splits into a bunch of different arms (with the same AP) and activates a larger area of muscle tissue

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 40 of 136

1

The Nicotinic ACh Receptor has

Select one or more of the following:

4 domains
5 domains
4 membrane spanning segments
5 membrane spanning segments
Needs 1 site bound with ACh for activation
Once open allows Na+ and K+ to pass through
Once open has a net hyper-polarizing effect

Explanation

Question 41 of 136

1

❌. Degradation of the neurotransmitter by acetylcholinesterase
❌. Voltage gated Ca2+ channels activate
❌. ACh binding to ACh receptors
❌. Exocytosis
❌. Reuptake of broken down neurotransmitter
❌. Na+ channel activation
❌. Depolarization of the post synaptic cell
❌. Depolarization, charge arrives at the terminal

Drag and drop to complete the text.

7

2

4

3

8

6

5

1

Explanation

Question 42 of 136

1

What are the correct steps within neurotransmitter release?

❌. Priming
❌. Reserve Pool
❌. Endocytosis
❌. Targeting
❌. Exocytosis
❌. Docking

Drag and drop to complete the text.

4

1

6

2

5

3

Explanation

Question 43 of 136

1

What are two types of v-snares?

Select one or more of the following:

Synaptolagmin
Snap25
Syntaxin
Synaptobrevin

Explanation

Question 44 of 136

1

What are two t-snares with regard to vesicle binding?

Select one or more of the following:

Synaptolagmin
Syntaxin
Snap25
Syntaptobrevin

Explanation

Question 45 of 136

1

In vesicle binding...
❌= vesicle moves close to membrane
❌= snare complex
❌= Ca2+ interacts with synaptolagmin
❌= opens up vesicle

Drag and drop to complete the text.

Targeting

Docking

Priming

Fusion

Explanation

Question 46 of 136

1

❌= released by nerve cells into circulation-> target cell
❌= released and diffuses to the target tissue through the extracellular fluid
❌= target cell is the same cell releasing the hormone (must bind a receptor on membrane to activate pathway)
❌= neuron secretes in the immediate vicinity of target cell
❌= released into the environment-> biological response

Drag and drop to complete the text.

Neuroendocrine

Paracrine

Autocrine

Neurocrine

Pheromone

Explanation

Question 47 of 136

1

What type of hormone is the most common in the body, and has an a.a backbone?

Select one of the following:

Steroids
Peptides&Proteins
Amino Acids and amino acid derivatives
Eicosanoids

Explanation

Question 48 of 136

1

What hormone has a cholesterol backbone and includes androgens, estrogen, progesterone, and corticosteroids?

Select one of the following:

Steroids
Peptides&Proteins
Amino acids and amino acid derivatives
Eicosanoids

Explanation

Question 49 of 136

1

What hormone is produced by membranes?

Select one of the following:

Steroids
Peptides and Proteins
Amino acids and amino acid derivatives
Eicosanoids

Explanation

Question 50 of 136

1

With signal transduction from receptors what is the term for a hormone stimulating biological activity, blocking biological activity and for binding without stimulating biological activity?

Select one of the following:

Competitive antagonists, antagonists and agonists
Antagonists, agonists, and competitive antagonists
agonists, antagonists, and competitive antagonists
agonists, competitive antagonists, and antagonists

Explanation

Question 51 of 136

1

K+1/K-1= Ka
This equation represents what of a hormone/receptor interaction?

Select one or more of the following:

Affinity- how tightly the hormone was bound
Equilibrium Dissociation Constant
Equilibrium Association Constant
How such hormone is required for high affinity
units= M-1sec-1
units= sec-1

Explanation

Question 52 of 136

1

1/Ka=Kd
This equation represents what of a hormone/receptor interaction?

Select one or more of the following:

Equilibrium Dissociation Constant
Equilibrium Association Constant
Affinity- how tightly a hormone will bind
How much of a hormone is required for high affinity
units= sec-1
units= M-1sec-1

Explanation

Question 53 of 136

1

Select from the dropdown list to complete the text.

A hormone that is more specific to the receptor requires a ( smaller, larger, specific ) concentration to reach Kd

Explanation

Question 54 of 136

1

ED50 is....?

Select one or more of the following:

effective dose of a hormone giving half of the maximal response
a measure of potency
is a function of receptor affinity
is a set value for all receptors
a measure for receptor saturation

Explanation

Question 55 of 136

1

upregulation refers to the increased production of receptors and downregulation refers to the decreased production of receptors

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 56 of 136

1

Receptor capacity change effects ❌
Receptor affinity effects ❌

Drag and drop to complete the text.

max response

ED50

Explanation

Question 57 of 136

1

What characteristics relate to intracellular receptors?

Select one or more of the following:

They are in the cytoplasm or nucleus
They are in the membrane
Steroids and iodothyronines
receptor transitions into a transcription factor after its bound
Ultimately leads to the synthesis of new proteins
Ultimately leads to the synthesis of lipids
Associated with accesory proteins

Explanation

Question 58 of 136

1

What are the two types of membrane receptors?

Select one or more of the following:

receptor=effector
receptor=intracellular
receptor and effector decoupled
Tyrosine Kinase
G- coupled proteins
transition to be transcription factors

Explanation

Question 59 of 136

1

Which statement about Receptor Tyrosine Kinases is TRUE?

Select one of the following:

The alpha subunit is the extracellular and transmembrane segment
The beta subunit contains hormone binding side
Dimerization occurs after hormone binding
Leads to the dephosphorylation of proteins

Explanation

Question 60 of 136

1

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding ion channel receptors?

Select one of the following:

The channel is a receptor but not an effector
The channel doesn't require hormone binding for activation
A conformational change occurs once the ligand binds
The channel is known as an intracellular receptor

Explanation

Question 61 of 136

1

Which of the following are types of G-proteins?

Select one or more of the following:

Gi
Gp
Ga
Gs
Gq/11

Explanation

Question 62 of 136

1

Select from the dropdown list to complete the text.

Within a G-protein coupled receptor and the alpha, beta, and gamma subunits, the subunit ( alpha, beta, gamma ) acts as the effector enzyme

Explanation

Question 63 of 136

1

G-protein receptors Gs an Gi function to stimulate and inhibit...

Select one of the following:

Protein Lipase C
Tyrosine Kinases
Adenylate Cyclase
Estrogen and progesterone

Explanation

Question 64 of 136

1

Within the G-protein coupling pathway regarding adenylyl cyclase, what are the steps to biological response?
❌. Phosphorylation of Adenylyl Cyclase
❌. Substrate binds receptor
❌. Activation of cAMP
❌. Biological response
❌. Dissociation of G-protein subunits
❌. Phosphorylation of serine and threonine residues on target proteins

Drag and drop to complete the text.

3

1

4

6

2

5

Explanation

Question 65 of 136

1

What enzyme reverses the action of cAMP?

Select one of the following:

Glucanase
Cholesterase
Phosphodiesterase
Lipase

Explanation

Question 66 of 136

1

What characterizes Phosphodiesterase?

Select one or more of the following:

inactivates cAMP by hydrolyzing the ring to 3' AMP
inactivates cAMP by hydrolyzing the ring to 5' AMP
inhibited by a family of methylxanthines (ex. caffeine)
inhibited by neurotransmitters
Has only 2 different forms

Explanation

Question 67 of 136

1

What characterizes Gq/11 G-proteins?

Select one or more of the following:

Most known as Cl- mobilizing hormones
Most known as Ca2+ mobilizing hormones
Activates Phospholipase-C (PLC)
Activates Phosphodiesterases
Activates phosphatidyl inositol turnover
PLC converts phosphatidyl inositol to IP3 and DAG
(inositol triphosphate and diacylglycerol)

Explanation

Question 68 of 136

1

The pathway sequence with regard to Gq G-proteins goes...
❌. Binding of ligand to receptor
❌. Increase in intracellular Ca2+
❌. Dissociation of Galphaq subunit
❌. Activation of Protein Kinase C (PKC)
❌. Activation of phosphatidyl inositol and phospholipase C
❌. Biological response
❌. PLC converts PI into two messangers (IP3 and DAG)
❌. Phosphorylation of Galphaq subunit
❌. Phosphorylation of a.a residues on target proteins

Drag and drop to complete the text.

1

6

3

7

4

9

5

2

8

Explanation

Question 69 of 136

1

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

The anterior pituitary is derived from dorsal outgrowth of ( buccal cavity, the brain ) (( roof of mouth, the hypothalamus ))
The posterior pituitary ( embryologically, zygotically, physiologically ) derived from the ( brain, roof of the mouth )

Explanation

Question 70 of 136

1

Pituitary function is regulated by the production of neurohormones in the hypothalamus

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 71 of 136

1

The entire pituitary gland is also known as the....

Select one of the following:

Neurohypophysis
Adenohypophysis
Hypophysis
Nuclei cluster

Explanation

Question 72 of 136

1

What characterizes Neurohypophysis?

Select one or more of the following:

Pars Nervosa
Pars Distalis
Pars Intermedia
Oxytocin
Vasopressin (ADH)
Synthesis of hormones in the Pituitary
Synthesis of hormones in the Hypothalamus
Release into the blood stream

Explanation

Question 73 of 136

1

What characterizes Adenohypophysis?

Select one or more of the following:

Pars Distalis
Pars Intermedia
Pars Nervosa
Hormones released from hypothalamus to act on pituitary
Hormones released from pituitary to act on hypothalamus
Releasing hormones

Explanation

Question 74 of 136

1

The sections of the pituitary...

Anterior lobe= Pars ❌
Intermediate lobe= ❌
❌ lobe/Posterior lobe= ❌

Drag and drop to complete the text.

Distalis

Pars Intermedia

Pars Nervosa

Neural

Explanation

Question 75 of 136

1

Antidiuretic hormone (also known as AVP) acts through two types of receptors...

V1= mediate vascular ❌ (ex. ❌ leads to increase blood pressure)
V2= produces ❌ of AVP (ex. ❌ to increase blood pressure)

Drag and drop to complete the text.

smooth muscle contraction

renal conservation

pumping

reabsorption

vasoconstriction

vasodilation

spreading

renal action

vesicular aciton

pulmonary action

muscular action

conserves water

adds salts

makes blood

gets rid of water

Explanation

Question 76 of 136

1

AVP secretion effect on blood pressure:

❌ BP->❌ of baroreceptors->❌ AVP secretion->increased ❌ uptake (V2 receptor) and ❌ of arterioles (V1 receptor)->increase BP

Drag and drop to complete the text.

Increased

Decreased

High

Low

activation

inhibition

lipid binding

increased

decreased

moderate

unnecessary

H2O

Salt

Sugar

Nutrient

Constriction

Dilation

Looping

Explanation

Question 77 of 136

1

AVP effect on plasma osmolality:

Increased blood osmolality->❌ osmoreceptors in CNS->❌ AVP secretion->increased H2O ❌ (V2) and increased Na+ secretion (V2)->increased urine ❌ and decreased urine ❌

Drag and drop to complete the text.

activate

deactivate

inactivate

increased

decreased

maintained

retention

secretion

mediation

storage

concentration

fluidity

temperature

dilution

volume

flow

production rate

Explanation

Question 78 of 136

1

Oxytocin effects...

Select one or more of the following:

Milk release after parturition
Blocks milk release
Stimulates uterine contraction
Inhibits uterine contraction
Stimulates contraction of myometrium
Inhibits contraction of myometrium
undergoes positive feedback
undergoes negative feedback
Secretion induced from stretching of birth canal in birth

Explanation

Question 79 of 136

1

Select from the dropdown list to complete the text.

( Negative, Positive ) feedback loops are responsible for maintaining homeostasis

Explanation

Question 80 of 136

1

What is Family 1 of peptide hormones involved in adenohypophysis?

Select one of the following:

Glycoprotein hormones
Growth Hormones and Prolactin
Hormones derived from Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)

Explanation

Question 81 of 136

1

What s Family 2 of peptide hormones of adenohypophysis?

Select one of the following:

Growth Hormones and Prolactin
Hormones derived from pro-opiomelanocortin
Glycoprotein Hormones

Explanation

Question 82 of 136

1

What belongs to Family 3 of peptide hormones of adenohypophysis?

Select one of the following:

Growth Hormones and Prolactin
Glycoprotein Hormones
Hormones derived from pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)

Explanation

Question 83 of 136

1

What is an example(s) of glycoprotein hormone(s)?

Select one or more of the following:

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Chorionic Gonadotroph

Explanation

Question 84 of 136

1

What are examples of Gonadotropin hormones?

Select one or more of the following:

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Lutenizing Hormone (LH)
Chorionic Gonadotropin

Explanation

Question 85 of 136

1

Family II of Peptide Hormones have two separate units, the alpha units which are the ❌ for all peptide hormones and beta subunits which are ❌ and confer the ❌ of the hormone

Drag and drop to complete the text.

same

regulated

variable

replacible

different

uniform

gelatenous

rare

special function

size

potency

necessity

Explanation

Question 86 of 136

1

Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) has one gene that produces one protein that is cleaved in the ER in order to produce many biologically active fragments. They are cleaved by a family of prohormone convertases

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 87 of 136

1

What factors effect the release of Prolactin (PRL)?

Select one or more of the following:

Opioids
PRL-inhibiting factors (such as Dopamine (DA))
Steroids
Cholecytokinin (CCK)
Glycogenesis
Catharsis

Explanation

Question 88 of 136

1

Prolactin is important in Reproduction and Growth and Development, but not Osmoregulation

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 89 of 136

1

What are the reproductive actions of Prolactin in males?

Select one or more of the following:

Increase and maintain LH receptors in testes
Increase sperm motility
Increase sperm size
Too much=hypogonadism
Too much=hypergonadism

Explanation

Question 90 of 136

1

What are the reproductive actions of Prolactin in females?

Select one or more of the following:

Increase progesterone synthesis
Increase oxytocin synthesis
Synthesis of casein (milk protein) and fatty acids
Formation of uterine wall
Osmoregulatory in uterus
Hyperprolactinemia= reduced GnRH release and LH production
Hyperprolactinemia= increased GnRH release and LH production

Explanation

Question 91 of 136

1

What characterizes Growth Hormones?

Select one or more of the following:

somatic growth
Only height
direct action
indirect action
reduction in glucose regulation in the body

Explanation

Question 92 of 136

1

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

Hormones and factors that have an effect on Growth Hormone...

GHRH has a ( +, - ) effect
Somatostatin has a ( -, + ) effect
IGF-1 has a ( -, + ) effect
Hypoglycemia has a ( +, - ) effect
High protein meal has a ( +, - ) effect
Fatty acids have a ( -, + ) effect

Explanation

Question 93 of 136

1

GH deficiency early in life, and late in life causes respectively...

Select one of the following:

weakness, low sex drive, and genital atrophy ---- Dwarfism
Dwarfism ---- weakness, low sex drive, and genital atrophy

Explanation

Question 94 of 136

1

Excess GH early in life and later in life cause respectively....

Select one of the following:

Giganticism and Acromegaly
Acromegaly and Giganticism

Explanation

Question 95 of 136

1

What factors effect TSH release?

Select one or more of the following:

Temperature
TRH
T5
T4
T3
Osmoregulation

Explanation

Question 96 of 136

1

A goiter is a result of iodine deficiency leading to...

Select one of the following:

High T3, and T4 and high TSH
Low T3 and T4 and low TSH
High T3 and T4 and high TSH
Low T3 and T4 and High TSH

Explanation

Question 97 of 136

1

Steps in the synthesis of Thyroid Hormones

❌. Iodination of tyrosyl residues of thyroglobin molecules to form monoiodotyrosine (MIT) and diiodotyrosine (DIT)
❌. Iodide trapping by active transport (symport with Na+)
❌. Oxidative coupling of iodinated tyrosines-> form mainly T4 and less T3 (stored in colloid space)
❌. Oxidation of iodide (I-) to iodine (I2) by iodide peroxidase

Drag and drop to complete the text.

3

1

4

2

Explanation

Question 98 of 136

1

Select from the dropdown list to complete the text.

T3 is produced in tissues outside the thyroid gland from ( deiodination, iodination, hydrolyzation, lysis ) of T4 in liver kidneys, anterior pituitary, cerebral cortex, and brown fat.

Explanation

Question 99 of 136

1

Thyroid hormones are lipophobic and thus use intracellular receptors

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 100 of 136

1

What are the effects of TH on various target tissues?

Select one or more of the following:

Metamorphosis
Osmoregulation
Growth Effects
Spermatogenesis
Glycogenesis
Nervous system development

Explanation

Question 101 of 136

1

Basal metabolic rate is the minimum amount of energy to keep the body working properly, what specific hormone has a positive effect on BMR?

Select one of the following:

FSH
GnRH
TH
Estrogen

Explanation

Question 102 of 136

1

Thermogenesis with relation to TH:

Cold->neuroendocrine reflex->❌ hypothalamic TRH->increased ❌->increased ❌ and ❌ production->thermogenesis

Drag and drop to complete the text.

increased

decreased

TSH

TRH

TH

T4

T5

T3

T2

Explanation

Question 103 of 136

1

What hormone is the key regulator of reproduction in vertebrates

Select one of the following:

LH
FSH
T4
GnRH

Explanation

Question 104 of 136

1

What characterizes the hormone GnRH?

Select one or more of the following:

Synthesis in neurosecratory neurons
Free floating in the extracellular fluid
Secreted in a pulsatile manner
Peptide hormone
Amino Acid hormone

Explanation

Question 105 of 136

1

GnRH acts to stimulate or suppress the reproductive process and cell division

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 106 of 136

1

____ stimulates _ peptin and that stimulates ________.

Select one of the following:

GnRH, Kiss, Estrogen
Kiss, Estrogen, GnRH
Estrogen, Kiss, GnRH
Kiss, GnRH, Estrogen

Explanation

Question 107 of 136

1

Birth control pills are made up of only estrogen

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 108 of 136

1

Binding proteins are critical in maintaining...

Select one of the following:

Body temperature
Osmosis
Circulating hormone levels
Lipogenesis

Explanation

Question 109 of 136

1

Effects of gonadal steroids in women...

Select one or more of the following:

Estrogen can increase LH secretion
Estrogen effects mediated my Kiss Peptins
Inhibit the ovulatory surge of gonadotropins (mainly LH)
Combination of estrogen and progesterone inhibit LH and FSH production

Explanation

Question 110 of 136

1

What two gonadal peptides shut off and activate GnRH production from pituitary?

Select one of the following:

Stopin and Startin
Inhibin and Activin
Guard peptide and generation peptide

Explanation

Question 111 of 136

1

Activin and inhibin are produced in the ovary and testis and are involved in the specific regulation of FSH where they stimulate of inhibit the secretion of FSH without effecting LH.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 112 of 136

1

What are the two phases of the menstrual cycle?

Select one or more of the following:

Luteal
Shedding
Stimulating
Follicular

Explanation

Question 113 of 136

1

Match

Drag an answer into the correct orange point.

Maturation of oocyte and ovulation

Result of stimulaiton from GnRH

Surge result in maturation/ovulation

Produce estrogen and progesterone

Explanation

Question 114 of 136

1

Match

Drag an answer into the correct orange point.

Estrogen->Kiss peptins->GnRH->LH&FSH

Produced by corpus luteum

Build up caused by progesterone

Regression of corpus luteum

Explanation

Question 115 of 136

1

If pregnancy occurs chorionic gonadotroph (sectreted from ❌) secretions prolong the ❌ secretion and maintains pregnancy

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Placenta

Corpus Luteum

Hyothalamus

progesterone

estrogen

LH

GnRH

Explanation

Question 116 of 136

1

All steroid hormones are derived from ❌ and are lipid soluble therefore must utilize ❌ proteins

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cholesterol

amino acids

glucose

fatty acids

binding

pairing

matching

protecting

Explanation

Question 117 of 136

1

In the steroid hormone synthesis pathway:

-The Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (❌) moves ❌ into the inner membrane of the ❌ (shuttling protein)
-The ❌ P450 side chain cleavage is the rate limiting enzyme
-❌ is used in the conversion from androstenedione and testosterone to estrogen and Estradiol
-The only determination of product=❌ enzymes along the pathway

Drag and drop to complete the text.

StAR

cholesterol

amino acids

glucose

mitochondria

golgi body

ER

Cell

cytrochrome

Aromatase

Aromylase

Convertase

specific

major

selective

Explanation

Question 118 of 136

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Androgens experience only feedback
Estrogen experiences only feedback

Explanation

Question 119 of 136

1

Which of these options correctly pairs pancreatic hormones with the type of cell that produces them?

Select one or more of the following:

Insulin- beta cells
Insulin- alpha cells
Glucagon- alpha cells
Glucagon- beta cells

Explanation

Question 120 of 136

1

Which of these hormones are produced in the adrenal glands?

Select one or more of the following:

Insulin
Glucocorticoids
Glucagon
Adrenalin

Explanation

Question 121 of 136

1

❌= the conversion of glycogen to glucose
❌= the synthesis of new glucose from non-carbohydrate substrates (a.as or glycerol)

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Glycogenolysis

Glycogen Synthesis

Gluconeogenesis

Glycolysis

Explanation

Question 122 of 136

1

Insulin...

Select one or more of the following:

Increases blood glucose
Is a hypoglycemic hormone
Enhanced cellular storage of glucose
Opposes fat synthesis
Acts on RTK receptors
Decreases solute transport
Increase oxidation of glucose in adipose tissues to produce ATP
Increase gycogenesis in mainly muscle
Decrease protein synthesis as a result of increased a.a transport

Explanation

Question 123 of 136

1

Type 1 Diabetes is an autoimmune disorder that is...

Select one of the following:

Insulin independent
Insulin dependent
Insulin acting
Insulin overloading

Explanation

Question 124 of 136

1

What hormones oppose insulin action?

Select one or more of the following:

Estrogen
Glucagon
Testosterone
Cortisol
Adrenaline
Progesterone

Explanation

Question 125 of 136

1

Glucagon is a....

Select one or more of the following:

Hyperglycemic hormone
Enhances the actions of insulin
Acts on liver cells to increase glucose production
Decrease glucose levels in circulation

Explanation

Question 126 of 136

1

What actions are characteristic of Glucagon?

Select one or more of the following:

Increased glycogenolysis
Decreased glyconeogenesis
Increased lipolysis

Explanation

Question 127 of 136

1

What type of hormones are associated with the Adrenal Medulla?

Select one of the following:

Corticosteroids
Catecholamines
Growth Hormones
Steroid hormones

Explanation

Question 128 of 136

1

Within the Catecholamine synthesis pathway:

❌ is broken down by phenylalanine hydroxylase to make ❌ (the backbone for all amine hormones) is then broken down by Tyrosine hydroxylase (rate limiting enzyme) to produce ❌ (DOPA) which in turn in broken down to form Dopamine, then ❌ which is lastly broken down by ❌ (PNMT) to form ❌.

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Phenylalanine

Tyrosine

dihydroxyphenylalanine

Norepinepherine

Phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase

Epinepherine

Explanation

Question 129 of 136

1

Andregenic receptors are sensitive to both E and NE although which one is more responsive to alpha and which to beta receptors?

Select one of the following:

alpha- E, beta- NE
alpha-NE, beta- E

Explanation

Question 130 of 136

1

Epinephrine has a more generalized bodily response when it comes to an emergency response than Norepinepherine.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 131 of 136

1

Adrenalin is a hyperglycemic hormone because it...

Select one or more of the following:

Stimulates ACTH release
Stimulates insulin release
Stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
Inhibits glucagon release

Explanation

Question 132 of 136

1

The Adrenal cortes produces:

❌ such as aldosterone in the zona ❌
❌ such as cortisol in the zona ❌
❌ such as androgens in the zona ❌

The only thing that differentiates what is produced at each layer are the ❌ that occur in the different areas

Drag and drop to complete the text.

Mineralocorticoids

glomerulosa

Glucocorticoids

fasciculata

Gondaocorticoids

reticularis

enzymes

lipids

components

Explanation

Question 133 of 136

1

Chromaffin is the tissue in the medulla that secretes Catecholamine hormones

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 134 of 136

1

The release and action of corticosteroids (steroid hormones) takes longer because...

Select one of the following:

They act over a larger distance
They move more slowly
They result in new protein synthesis
They are larger

Explanation

Question 135 of 136

1

In the Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal-Adrenal axis:

The ❌ produces ❌ (CRH) that acts on the ❌ which releases ❌ which binds to the ❌ through the melanocortin 2 receptor (❌) which finally produces ❌.

Drag and drop to complete the text.

hypothalamus

corticotropin releasing hormone

pituitary

ACTH

adrenal cortex

MC2R

corticosteroids

Explanation

Question 136 of 136

1

Glucocorticoids....

Select one or more of the following:

increase the avalability of glucose
inhibit the breakdown of proteins and fats for their conversion to carbohydrates for gluconeogenesis
inhibits the uptake of glucose from certain cells

	Created by Grace Georgopoulos almost 8 years ago

2 Biological Sciences Quiz on ZOOL 461 Midterm Review, created by Grace Georgopoulos on 15/10/2016.

ZOOL 461 Midterm Review

Question 1 of 136

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

Explanation

Question 2 of 136

What type of Glial cell provides physical support, chemical support, and creates the blood brain barrier?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 3 of 136

What type of glial cell creates a myelin sheath, assists in conduction, and is confined to the CNS?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 4 of 136

What type of glial cell are single cells that wrap around axons, create the myelin sheath, assist in conduction, and are confined to the PNS?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 5 of 136

Typically there is more...

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 6 of 136

What equation describes the relation between concentration differences of a permeating ion (free flow) across a membrane and the membrane potential at equilibrium?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 7 of 136

In the Nernst equation the shortcut numbers from valence 1 (Na+, K+) and 18 degrees to 37 degrees and from valence 2 (Ca2+) and 18 to 37 degrees are...

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 8 of 136

When using the Nernst equation for ions with a negative valence (Cl-) you must switch the concentration protion of the equation to Cin/Cout rather than Cout/Cin

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 9 of 136

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

With ion free flow.. K+ should produce a 've environment inside the cell Na+ should produce a 've environment inside the cell Cl- should produce a 've environment inside the cell

Explanation

Question 10 of 136

What equation takes into account permeability and assumes infinite permeability with regard to ion movement?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 11 of 136

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

The resting voltage potential of... K+ is mV Na+ is mV Cl- is mV

Explanation

Question 12 of 136

When a membrane moved from -65mV -> a more negative value it is known as

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 13 of 136

The time constant (t) represents how quickly membrane potential changes with charge and...

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 14 of 136

The statement below correstond to: - anything physical preventing movement of charge down an axon - the ability of charge to leak from the axon

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 15 of 136

The length constant lambda measures how far along an axon you have to travel before there is a significant change in membrane potential (27% of initial V)

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 16 of 136

What are the passive electrical properties?

Select one or more of the following:

Explanation

Question 17 of 136

An excitatory response usually refers to the movement of ❌ ions, and an inhibitory response is often refering to the movement of ❌ ions.

Drag and drop to complete the text.

Explanation

Question 18 of 136

What are the characteristics of an Axon Hillock?

Select one or more of the following:

Explanation

Question 19 of 136

Ion Channels have...

Select one or more of the following:

Explanation

Question 20 of 136

❌: depends on ligand presence ❌: if an intracellular component is phosphorylated the channel will open ❌: Cytoskeletal proteins adhere channel to membrane, any disruption of membrane causes cytoskeleton proteins to tighten-> channel opens

Drag and drop to complete the text.

With ion free flow..
K+ should produce a 've environment inside the cell
Na+ should produce a 've environment inside the cell
Cl- should produce a 've environment inside the cell

The resting voltage potential of...
K+ is mV
Na+ is mV
Cl- is mV

The statement below correstond to:
- anything physical preventing movement of charge down an axon
- the ability of charge to leak from the axon

❌: depends on ligand presence
❌: if an intracellular component is phosphorylated the channel will open
❌: Cytoskeletal proteins adhere channel to membrane, any disruption of membrane causes cytoskeleton proteins to tighten-> channel opens