Initially colonised by bacteria and algae that can survive in such harsh conditions
Pioneers begin to colonise, lichens. They can withstand the acute water shortage and help to assist water retention
As water retention improves, moss begins to grow. This help to further improve water retention. Also weathers the rock to produce soil which encourage advanced plants to grow
Ferns, herbs appear. When they die, the bacteria recycles the nutrients by converting the remains to hummus which further improves soil fertility
Shrubs grow, shading grass and herbs
Pioneer trees are established. They are fast growing species (birch)
Slow growing tree species begin to develop such as ash and oak

	Created by hazimah.azhar over 10 years ago

Succession and climatic climax: illustrated by one of lithosere, psammosere, hydrosere or halosere