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Language Development

Question 1 of 103

1

Can a foetus perceive their mother's voice before they are even born?

Select one of the following:

  • Yes

  • No

Explanation

Question 2 of 103

1

A study has shown that newborns show a preference for their ________ voice over others (DeCasper & Fifer, 1980)

Select one of the following:

  • Mother's

  • Father's

  • Stranger's

Explanation

Question 3 of 103

1

How long has it been shown for infants to show preferences for their father's voice (DeCasper & Prescott, 1984)?

Select one of the following:

  • Less than three days

  • About three days

  • More than three days

Explanation

Question 4 of 103

1

It has been shown that infants have a preference for "Cat in the Hat" over other phrases because of the specific speaker (the mother) and speech (Spence & DeCasper, 1982). Is this statement true or false?

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 5 of 103

1

What are newborns learning when starting language development?

Select one of the following:

  • Intonation

  • Pitch

  • Speed

  • Transience

  • Vocabulary

Explanation

Question 6 of 103

1

How long does it take for infants to show perceptual narrowness in their native language (Kuhl, et al., 2005)?

Select one of the following:

  • 1-2 months

  • 2-4 months

  • 4-6 months

  • 6-8 months

  • 8-12 months

Explanation

Question 7 of 103

1

Is perceptual narrowing likely to be because of maturation?

Select one of the following:

  • Yes

  • No

Explanation

Question 8 of 103

1

Kuhl (et al., 2003) had infants, whose parents were English, exposed to English or Mandarin. Did the children retain more phonemic discrimination at 12 months' old with English or Mandarin?

Select one of the following:

  • English

  • Mandarin

  • Neither

Explanation

Question 9 of 103

1

At what point did the infants in Kuhl's (et al., 2003) study retain phonemic discrimination?

Select one of the following:

  • 2 months old

  • 6 months old

  • 12 months old

  • 24 months old

Explanation

Question 10 of 103

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

The two language stages that all children go through are the and phases.

Explanation

Question 11 of 103

1

How long is the pre-language phase for infants?

Select one of the following:

  • 0-2 months

  • 0-6 months

  • 0-12 months

Explanation

Question 12 of 103

1

How long is the early language phase for infants?

Select one of the following:

  • 12-18 months

  • 12-24 months

  • 12-30 months

Explanation

Question 13 of 103

1

In the pre-language phase for children, there is the ________ ________ phase, which last between 4-6 months.

Select one of the following:

  • Egocentric talk

  • Egocentric babble

Explanation

Question 14 of 103

1

In the pre-language phase for children, there is the ________ ________ ________, which last for 7-12 months.

Select one of the following:

  • Social babble phase

  • Social talk phase

Explanation

Question 15 of 103

1

Babbling is:

Select one of the following:

  • Talk between infants and adults

  • Talk infants do to themselves

  • Talk infants do to objects

Explanation

Question 16 of 103

1

Children babble ________ when adults talk to them (Bloom, 1988).

Select one of the following:

  • More

  • Less

Explanation

Question 17 of 103

1

It has been shown that deaf children growing up in a signing environment can also babble in sign. Is this statement true or false?

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 18 of 103

1

In the beginning of the early language phase (10-12 months), an infant's first words are:

Select one of the following:

  • Nouns

  • Adjectives

  • Verbs

Explanation

Question 19 of 103

1

In a lot of cases during the early language phase (10-12 months), infants will mismatch ________. For example, they could over-extend to generalise an object that is similar to something else, or over-restrict and only use it for specific instances.

Select one of the following:

  • Meanings

  • Nouns

  • Verbs

Explanation

Question 20 of 103

1

What are the two most common object names for infants during the early language phase?

Select one of the following:

  • "Teddy" and "mummy"

  • "Car" and "daddy"

  • "Mummy" and "Daddy"

Explanation

Question 21 of 103

1

How long does it usually take for an infant to reach up to 30 words in their vocabulary?

Select one of the following:

  • 1-2 months

  • 2-3 months

  • 3-4 months

Explanation

Question 22 of 103

1

How many words does an 18-month infant typically know?

Select one of the following:

  • 10

  • 30

  • 50

Explanation

Question 23 of 103

1

By the time infants reach 18-22 months old, they have a vocabulary spurt and know up to ____ words.

Select one of the following:

  • 100

  • 200

  • 300

Explanation

Question 24 of 103

1

According to Landau (1994) the first few words of an infant are:

Select one of the following:

  • External

  • Internal

Explanation

Question 25 of 103

1

________-________ Interaction (Shipley, Kuhn & Madden, 1983) refers to when infants' words are made clear as to whether they are general or more specific. The words will either be corrected (eg, "No, this is a rabbit) or reaffirmed (eg, "Yes, this is a rabbit")

Select one of the following:

  • Object-Child

  • Parent-Child

  • Parent-Infant

Explanation

Question 26 of 103

1

________ ________ (Gleitman, 1990) believes that infants use grammar to infer word meanings. In other words, semantics are tied to syntax.

Select one of the following:

  • Syntactic bootstrapping

  • Semantic bootstrapping

  • Grammatical bootstrapping

Explanation

Question 27 of 103

1

In some cases with syntactic bootstrapping, distinctions can be made between verbs that take an object (transitive) and those that do not (intransitive). Is this statement true or false?

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 28 of 103

1

At what stage do infants move from gesture-word combinations to whole-word combinations?

Select one of the following:

  • 6-12 months

  • 12-18 months

  • 18-24 months

  • 18-30 months

Explanation

Question 29 of 103

1

________ ________ omits non-essential linking words.

Select one of the following:

  • Telegraphic speech

  • Semantic speech

  • Orthographic speech

Explanation

Question 30 of 103

1

By what age are children masters at complex syntactic structures and grammatical rules?

Select one of the following:

  • A year old

  • 2 years old

  • 3 years old

  • 5 years old

Explanation

Question 31 of 103

1

________-________ speech is a productive way of improving an infant's vocabulary because of the slower rate of speech, higher intonation, and longer pauses. Keywords are emphasised with a higher and louder voice.

Select one of the following:

  • Infant-directed

  • Infant-parent

  • Infant-adult

Explanation

Question 32 of 103

1

________ refers to when parents socially-scaffold their children's language development by teaching them the cultural differences in their languages. This also has a positive effect on their development.

Select one of the following:

  • Mother tongue

  • Motherese

  • Mother scaffolding

Explanation

Question 33 of 103

1

Parents of deaf children don't use sign language, but rather lip-reading. This is known as:

Select one of the following:

  • Lip-signing

  • Homesign

  • Parent-infant signing

Explanation

Question 34 of 103

1

Language is specifically understood and developed by humans only. Is this statement true or false?

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 35 of 103

1

At what point do children tend to start making more syntactic errors?

Select one of the following:

  • 1-2 years old

  • 2-3 years old

  • 3-4 years old

  • 4-5 years old

Explanation

Question 36 of 103

1

Some believe that the syntactic errors that children make as they grow older is evidence for an innate ________-________ system.

Select one of the following:

  • Grammar-learning

  • Syntax-learning

  • Orthography-learning

Explanation

Question 37 of 103

1

The theory of an underlying grammar-learning system attempting to find rules for all words has been disproved. This is because parents correct factual and grammatical errors in their children. Is this statement true or false?

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 38 of 103

1

________, a behaviourist, believed that children learn language through a number of ways; imitation, trial-and-error, and rewards and punishment. He furthered his stance with the operant conditioning model (1957)

Select one of the following:

  • Skinner

  • Whorf

  • Chomsky

  • Piaget

Explanation

Question 39 of 103

1

________'s approach to language development was universalist and believed that there are grounded aspects of language that we are predisposed to. He believes that language and thought are separate, and furthers his stance with the Language Acquisition Device (LAD) (1965)

Select one of the following:

  • Chomsky

  • Whorf

  • Skinner

  • Piaget

Explanation

Question 40 of 103

1

________ posits that there are core features in all languages, however, children pick up the grammatical rules of their own languages dependent on where they are from. For example, syntactic planning will differ between English, Chinese, Arabic, and Serbian people.

Select one of the following:

  • Nativism

  • Behaviourism

Explanation

Question 41 of 103

1

(Tick the boxes that apply). The issue with the behaviourist approach to syntactic learning is that:

Select one or more of the following:

  • Children learn a lot more rapidly than it states

  • Children learn a lot more slowly than it states

  • Children say things that they have never heard before

  • Children don't say things that they have never heard of before

  • A lot of what children say in everyday interactions is actually grammatically correct

  • A lot of what children say in everyday interactions is not grammatically correct

Explanation

Question 42 of 103

1

The lateralisation of language, according to Chomsky, resides in which brain hemisphere?

Select one of the following:

  • Left

  • Right

Explanation

Question 43 of 103

1

Does lateralisation develop before or after birth?

Select one of the following:

  • Before

  • After

Explanation

Question 44 of 103

1

What happens if an individual were to suffer brain damage to their left hemisphere?

Select one of the following:

  • Their right hemisphere would take over language learning

  • They would not be able to learn language at all

Explanation

Question 45 of 103

1

When is the critical period for learning, according to Lennenberg (1967)?

Select one of the following:

  • Birth and 10 years old

  • Birth and puberty

  • Birth and adulthood

Explanation

Question 46 of 103

1

The effects of language deprivation in a child's development are:

Select one of the following:

  • Permanent and irreversible

  • Manageable and able to change

Explanation

Question 47 of 103

1

In 1970, a 13-year-old girl named Genie was discovered in Los Angeles (CA). She was severely malnourished and told not to speak or make any noise. Did she ever develop her grammatical competency?

Select one of the following:

  • Yes

  • No

Explanation

Question 48 of 103

1

Those with ASL are poorer with language when exposed to it late because of:

Select one of the following:

  • Reduced perceptive competency

  • Reduced brain lateralisation

Explanation

Question 49 of 103

1

Immigrants who try to learn the languages of their new countries are ________ to adapt, regardless of their educational level.

Select one of the following:

  • Unable (the older you get, the harder it becomes)

  • Able (it doesn't matter how old you are)

Explanation

Question 50 of 103

1

What is speech perception driven by?

Select one of the following:

  • Socially scaffolded experiences

  • Genetically scaffolded experiences

  • Other things

Explanation

Question 51 of 103

1

According to Vihman (1996), do children apply systematic strategies to challenging words so that they fit with what they can capably pronounce?

Select one of the following:

  • Yes

  • No

Explanation

Question 52 of 103

1

There are cultural variations in children's errors in languages. For example, Chinese children master their tone system by 2 years old (So & Dodd, 1995). Do Cantonese children develop more quickly than English-speaking children?

Select one of the following:

  • Yes, they do

  • No, they do not

Explanation

Question 53 of 103

1

Is the maturation of the vocal tract modifiable by socialisation (eg, parental development) or is it resistant to correction?

Select one of the following:

  • Socialisation

  • Resistant to correction

Explanation

Question 54 of 103

1

According to Tincoff and Jusczyk (1999), when 6-month olds listened to the words "mommy" and "daddy" whilst watching side-by-side videos, did they pay attention more to the named parent?

Select one of the following:

  • Yes, they did

  • No, they did not

Explanation

Question 55 of 103

1

According to Bloom (1998), by 6 years old children know how many words?

Select one of the following:

  • 2,000

  • 4,000

  • 6,000

  • 20,000

Explanation

Question 56 of 103

1

Does comprehension shape a child's language development?

Select one of the following:

  • Yes

  • No

Explanation

Question 57 of 103

1

In their first 50 words, do infants prefer still or moving objects?

Select one of the following:

  • Still objects

  • Moving objects

Explanation

Question 58 of 103

1

Does imitation help to stimulate vocabulary growth for infants?

Select one of the following:

  • Yes

  • No

Explanation

Question 59 of 103

1

Researchers have discovered that children can connect a new word with an underlying concept after only a brief encounter. This is called:

Select one of the following:

  • Spatial mapping

  • Word mapping

  • Fast-mapping

Explanation

Question 60 of 103

1

Do toddlers take time to become acquainted with fast-mapping, according to Swingley (2010)?

Select one of the following:

  • Yes, they do

  • No, they do not

Explanation

Question 61 of 103

1

According to Fenson (et al., 1994), who is slightly ahead in early vocabulary growth?

Select one of the following:

  • Girls

  • Boys

Explanation

Question 62 of 103

1

According to Berk, is the explanation for girls' rapid vocabulary growth because of their faster physical maturation and the promotion of development of the left cerebral hemisphere?

Select one of the following:

  • Yes

  • No

Explanation

Question 63 of 103

1

According to Salley and Dixon (2007), are temperamentally negative toddlers slower or faster at vocabulary acquisition?

Select one of the following:

  • Slower

  • Faster

Explanation

Question 64 of 103

1

According to Spere (et al., 2004), do shy toddlers remain behind or further ahead those around them in their preschool years for language development?

Select one of the following:

  • Slightly behind

  • Slightly ahead

Explanation

Question 65 of 103

1

Do parents tend to talk to toddler-age girls or boys?

Select one of the following:

  • Girls

  • Boys

Explanation

Question 66 of 103

1

Do parents converse less or more with shy children according to research (Leaper, Anderson, Sanders, 1998; Patterson & Fisher, 2002)?

Select one of the following:

  • Less with shy children

  • More with shy children

Explanation

Question 67 of 103

1

According to Hoff (2006), do children from lower SES backgrounds have a smaller vocabulary?

Select one of the following:

  • Yes

  • No

Explanation

Question 68 of 103

1

In Swedish, is the phonology easier or more difficult to discriminate? Is it harder to identify syllable and word boundaries?

Select one of the following:

  • Yes

  • No

Explanation

Question 69 of 103

1

Do Mandarin Chinese parents present their children with many short words that are easy to pronounce?

Select one of the following:

  • Yes

  • No

Explanation

Question 70 of 103

1

According to language development, referential style refers to:

Select one of the following:

  • Vocabulary consisting of words referring to objects

  • Vocabulary consisting of words referring to others (eg, parents, strangers)

Explanation

Question 71 of 103

1

In language development, expressive style refers to:

Select one of the following:

  • Vocabularies revolving around more social pronouns and formula

  • Vocabularies revolving less around social pronouns and formula, and more around verbs and adjectives

Explanation

Question 72 of 103

1

According to Bates (et al., 1994) do referential-style toddlers think words are for naming things, and expressive-style toddlers think words are for talking about people's feelings and needs?

Select one of the following:

  • Yes

  • No

Explanation

Question 73 of 103

1

Has research found there to be cultural differences in language styles and acquisitions in cultures? For example, American mothers tend to use nouns for labelling, compared to Asian mothers that rely on group membership.

Select one of the following:

  • Yes

  • No

Explanation

Question 74 of 103

1

In language development, underextensions refer to:

Select one of the following:

  • Words that apply too narrowly

  • Words that apply too broadly

Explanation

Question 75 of 103

1

In language development, overextensions refer to:

Select one of the following:

  • Applying a word too broadly

  • Applying a word too narrowly

Explanation

Question 76 of 103

1

Do children as young as 2 years old fill in for words that they have not learned yet? For example, instead of "gardener", they say "plant-man".

Select one of the following:

  • Yes

  • No

Explanation

Question 77 of 103

1

Do preschoolers extend language meanings through metaphor? For example, Winner (1988) observed a 3-year-old describe a stomach ache as a "fire engine in my tummy".

Select one of the following:

  • Yes

  • No

Explanation

Question 78 of 103

1

Do children benefit from engaging with expert speakers according to Weizman and Snow (2001)?

Select one of the following:

  • Yes, they do

  • No, they do not

Explanation

Question 79 of 103

1

By 5 or 6 years old, can children add new words to their vocabulary by simply being given a definition? Does their vocabulary become more organised and definitive?

Select one of the following:

  • Yes

  • No

Explanation

Question 80 of 103

1

Has research shown adult feedback to help facilitate development? For example, "That's not a car. It's a truck. See, it has a place to put things in" (Chapman, Leonard & Mervis, 1986).

Select one of the following:

  • Yes

  • No

Explanation

Question 81 of 103

1

Fast-mapping is supported by which store?

Select one of the following:

  • Phonological store

  • Orthographic store

  • Syntactic store

Explanation

Question 82 of 103

1

According to Gathercole (et al., 1997) phonological memory is not the sole provider of word learning. Does this mean that semantic knowledge influences the speed with which children form phonological traces that affect vocabulary growth?

Select one of the following:

  • Yes

  • No

Explanation

Question 83 of 103

1

In language development, mutual exclusivity bias refers to:

Select one of the following:

  • The assumption that words are entirely separate and non-overlapping

  • The assumption that words are fully overlapping and easily interchangeable

Explanation

Question 84 of 103

1

According to Berk (2012), once toddlers have acquired roughly 75 words, they begin to illustrate a shape bias. This refers to:

Select one of the following:

  • Previous learning of nouns based on shape, which heightens attention to the shape properties of additional objects

  • A bias towards shaping definitive properties of words

Explanation

Question 85 of 103

1

The emergentist coalition model (Golinkoff & Hirsh-Pasek, 2006) refers to:

Select one of the following:

  • Word learning strategies emerging out of children's efforts to understand language, and coalition cues (perceptual, social, and linguistic) shifting in importance as they grow older

  • Word learning strategies that are inhibited by development and become more pronounced as children grow older

Explanation

Question 86 of 103

1

Telegraphic speech refers to:

Select one of the following:

  • Two-word utterances that resemble a telegram; high-content words with smaller and less important ones

  • Multiple-word utterances that are spoken too quickly for anyone to understand

Explanation

Question 87 of 103

1

According to Lidz (2007), are children during their first word combinations more knowledgeable about grammar in comprehension or production?

Select one of the following:

  • Comprehension

  • Production

Explanation

Question 88 of 103

1

Dittmar (et al., 2008) suggested that infants were primed during the Gertner, Fisher, and Eisengart (2006) study in order to accurately answer the questions. When Chan (et al., 2010) replicated it, did children show preferences?

Select one of the following:

  • Yes, they did

  • No, they did not

Explanation

Question 89 of 103

1

According to Tomasello (2003) is there evidence to suggest that children younger than 3 years old perform poorly when asked to use newly-learned verb constructions in which they have not heard the verb used before?

Select one of the following:

  • Yes

  • No

Explanation

Question 90 of 103

1

Studies have found that English-speaking preschoolers performed well on tests for subject-verb-object orders when:

Select one of the following:

  • They grow older

  • They are younger

Explanation

Question 91 of 103

1

In the studies of English-speaking preschoolers and their grasp of subject-verb-object ordering, at what age according to Tomasello (2003, 2006) and Chan (et al., 2010) did children acquire new verbs?

Select one of the following:

  • 1

  • 2

  • 3 or 4

Explanation

Question 92 of 103

1

In language development, gramatical morphemes are:

Select one of the following:

  • Small markers that change the meanings of sentences (eg, "John's dog" and "he is eating")

  • Small markers that maintain the structure and rigidity of sentences

Explanation

Question 93 of 103

1

According to research, once children have acquired grammatical morphemes, they tend to commit to overegulisation. This is when children:

Select one of the following:

  • Apply a regular morphological rule to everything

  • Children do not apply the morphological rule enough times in sentences

Explanation

Question 94 of 103

1

Is the reason that children often overregulise sentences and show inconsistent patterns because they frequently hear irregular forms in adult speech and learn them as a result?

Select one of the following:

  • Yes

  • No

Explanation

Question 95 of 103

1

According to researchers (Maratos, 2000; Elman, 2003), do irregular forms of words eventually win? Because of how children learn irregular words used by adults in normal conversations, and thus learn by rote?

Select one of the following:

  • Yes, they do

  • No, they do not

Explanation

Question 96 of 103

1

Do negations (eg, (1) nonexistence "All crackers gone", (2) rejection "No take bath!", and (3) denial "That's not my kitty!") appear in children? At what age, according to research (Clancy, 1985; Vaidyanathan, 1991; Tam & Stokes, 2001).

Select one of the following:

  • 1 year olds

  • 2 and 3 year olds

Explanation

Question 97 of 103

1

In 2 and 3 year olds, the first negatives to appear are:

Select one of the following:

  • Nonexistence

  • Rejection

  • Denial

Explanation

Question 98 of 103

1

In 2 and 3 year olds, the second negatives to appear are:

Select one of the following:

  • Nonexistence

  • Rejection

  • Denial

Explanation

Question 99 of 103

1

In 2 and 3 year olds, the final negatives to appear are:

Select one of the following:

  • Nonexistence

  • Rejection

  • Denial

Explanation

Question 100 of 103

1

In language development, semantic bootstrapping refers to:

Select one of the following:

  • Children use words to understand sentence structuring

  • Children use words to signify what they mean in their sentences

Explanation

Question 101 of 103

1

In language development, turnabout refers to:

Select one of the following:

  • A speaker commenting on what was just said, but also requesting for it to be heard again

  • A speaker turning a conversation around to a different subject

Explanation

Question 102 of 103

1

According to Wanska and Bedrosian (1985), shading refers to:

Select one of the following:

  • When a speaker initiates a change of topic by gradually modifying the focus of discussion

  • When a speaker imitates the other speaker's mimics and intonations

Explanation

Question 103 of 103

1

In language development, illocutionary intent refers to:

Select one of the following:

  • What a speaker means to say, even if it was not said properly

  • What a speaker intends to say before they have actually said it

Explanation

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