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Self & Identity

Self & Identity

Question 1 of 88

1

Which of the following argued that there is nothing beyond us other than our physical selves? As in, there is only the physical us and nothing more.

This is known as the bundle theory.

Select one of the following:

  • Hume

  • Reid

  • Locke

  • Shaftesbury

  • James

  • McDougall

  • Watson

Explanation

Question 2 of 88

1

Which of the following argued that we perceive ourselves through others? As in, the conceptualisation of ourselves comes from what we think others see us as, and not from our own selves.

This is known as the ego theory.

Select one of the following:

  • Cooley

  • Hume

  • Reid

  • Locke

  • Shaftesbury

Explanation

Question 3 of 88

1

" are cognitive generalisations about the self, derived from past experience, that organise and guide the processing of self-related information contained in an individual's experience." (Markus, 1977)

Drag and drop to complete the text.

    Self-schemata
    Cognitions
    Attributions
    Ideologies
    Social representations

Explanation

Question 4 of 88

1

Which of the following best describes this theory:

"... is the idea that our ideas and self-representations are fluid and open to changing at any given time, and are adaptable to certain social contexts. They can become active or salient at any time during interactions.

Select one of the following:

  • Dynamic self-concept

  • Covariation model

  • Configuration model

  • Rational choice theory

  • Internal attribution bias

Explanation

Question 5 of 88

1

Which of the following argued that there is another one of us, metaphysically, and are more than just physical elements?

Select one of the following:

  • Reid

  • Locke

  • Shaftesbury

  • Watson

  • Gergen

  • James

Explanation

Question 6 of 88

1

Schematic information is easier to process than aschematic information (Druian & Catrambone, 1986).

True or false?

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 7 of 88

1

What are the motivations that Dittmar, Long and Bond (2007) investigated when looking at consumer behaviour?

Select one of the following:

  • Identity and emotional

  • Rational and irrational

  • Internal and external

  • Happiness and sadness

  • Justified and unjustified

Explanation

Question 8 of 88

1

Which of the following best describes symbolic interactionism?

Select one of the following:

  • The meaning that people attribute to objects in social interaction

  • The meaning that people attribute to themselves in social interaction

  • The manifestation of self with semantic meaning in social interaction

  • All of the above

  • None of the above

Explanation

Question 9 of 88

1

Who argued that the Dynamic Self-Concept is not diverse enough because it does not account for the different ways in which people perceive themselves?

Select one of the following:

  • Marks and Kitayama (1991)

  • Watts and Stenner (2013)

  • Wong and Goodwin (2009)

  • Duval and Wicklud (1972)

  • Sedikides and Green (2000)

Explanation

Question 10 of 88

1

One research suggested that an individual's inward focus leads to heightened self-awareness and discrepancies between themselves and evaluative standards. This often leads to a negative affective state.

Who are they?

Select one of the following:

  • Duval and Wicklund (1972)

  • Sedikides and Green (2000)

  • Higgins (1987)

  • Markus and Kitayama (1991)

  • Watts and Stenner (2013)

Explanation

Question 11 of 88

1

A positive affective state will often have traits of an outward focus (expansive, explorative, and affiliative orientation with the outside world). However, a negative affective state will have an inward focus (avoidance orientation to the outside world). This is the correlation of affective state as a determiner of attentional focus.

Who said this?

Select one of the following:

  • Duval and Wicklund (1972)

  • Sedikides and Green (2000)

  • Higgins (1987)

  • Onorato and Turner (2004)

Explanation

Question 12 of 88

1

Higgins (1987) suggested that actual-ought discrepancies lead to , whilst actual-ideal discrepancies lead to .

Drag and drop to complete the text.

    social anxiety
    self-schemata
    internal attribution
    avoidance
    depression
    physical illness
    anorexia
    bulimia
    schizophrenia

Explanation

Question 13 of 88

1

One research suggested that a negative affective state leads to poor behavioural self-regulation (e.g. bad hygiene, unhealthy eating, loneliness), whilst a positive affective state leads to good behavioural self-regulation (e.g. good hygiene, healthy eating, positive outlook).

Who said this?

Select one of the following:

  • Duval and Wicklund (1972)

  • Watts and Stenner (2013)

  • Baumeister (et al., 2005)

  • Higgins (1987)

  • Sedikides and Green (2000)

Explanation

Question 14 of 88

1

Brown (1973) found that factory workers would prefer a lower weekly salary if it ensured a positive differential (i.e. that the group had a higher salary) compared to another group of workers in the same factory.

Brown argued that this is because of a desire to positively distinguish themselves from other groups. Is this true or false?

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 15 of 88

1

According to Drury and Reicher (1999), a person's social identity can change their behaviour, as well as social interactions with groups can change their social identities. Is this true or false?

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 16 of 88

1

According to Sampson (1988, 1993), there are three types of individualism.

is a predominantly Western ideology that stresses separation from others, and near total independence.

is a largely non-Western ideology about the individual that is interconnected with others (e.g. relationships, society) that cannot be readily separated from others. They are not mutually exclusive.

The suggests that the construction of an individual is within social dialogue with other individuals. Meanwhile, the refers to the relation with others and is also interconnected in terms of both society and relationships.

Drag and drop to complete the text.

    Self-contained individualism
    Self-referred individualism
    Self-obtained individualism
    Individualism
    Ensembled individualism
    Relational individualism
    Discursive individualism
    Attributional individualism
    Covariant individualism
    dialogic self
    understood self
    wider self
    conversational self
    covariant self
    relational self
    unrelational self
    self-contained self
    individual self
    continental self

Explanation

Question 17 of 88

1

"Becuase we believe in self-contained individuals who think, feel, weigh evidence and values, and act accordingly, we also inherit a handy way of understanding bad action - weirdness, crime, harassment, bigotry and so on.

"In all cases we are led to suspect a fault in the internal functioning of the individual. Individuals cause problems and individuals must be repaired - through therapy, education imprisonment, and so on."

Who said this?

Select one of the following:

  • Gergen

  • Sampson

  • Smail

  • Prilleltensky

  • Locke

  • Shaftesbury

Explanation

Question 18 of 88

1

Which are the two identities that refer to how individuals have a solid, stable identity and one that is fluid and ever-changing depending on the interactions a person has?

Select one of the following:

  • Core and self-identity

  • Rational and irrational identity

  • Positive and negative identity

  • Self-contained and ensembled identity

  • None of the above

Explanation

Question 19 of 88

1

"Our social selves is partly predicated on how others see us in different social situations, and not totally dependent on us"

Who said this?

Select one of the following:

  • Mead

  • Locke

  • Gergen

  • Tajfel

  • Smail

Explanation

Question 20 of 88

1

According to Tajfel (1979) and the Social Identity Theory, when part of a group of collective of individuals with similar backgrounds to ourselves, we develop a sense of belonging to a particular identity.

We also exaggerate our own identity and status as well as others (e.g. "England is the best country to live in," "Italy is the worst"), which then forms in-groups, us and those like us, and out-groups, almost everyone else. We discriminate the out-group to enhance our own.

This connects with discrimination (e.g. sexism, racism) and prejudice between cultures. Is this true or false?

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 21 of 88

1

"Inter-group" means...

Select one of the following:

  • Between two (or more) groups

  • Between members of one group

  • Neither

Explanation

Question 22 of 88

1

Sherif (1954, 1958, 1961) argued that intergroup hostility occurs when:

Select one of the following:

  • Attempting to establish the "best" social identity

  • Competing for limited resources

  • Trying to dissolve the other group

  • Exaggerating one's own in-group

  • All of the above

  • None of the above

Explanation

Question 23 of 88

1

Internal attribution is when we assign:

Select one of the following:

  • The cause of behaviours to internal factors (within our, or that person's, control)

  • The cause of behaviours to external factors (not within our, or that person's, control)

  • The cause of behaviours to both internal and external factors

  • None of the above

Explanation

Question 24 of 88

1

External attribution is when we assign:

Select one of the following:

  • The cause of behaviour to internal characteristics (within our, or that person's, control)

  • The cause of behaviour to external factors (outside of, or that person's, control

  • The cause of behaviour to societal factors only

  • The cause of behaviour to our metaphysical self

  • None of the above

Explanation

Question 25 of 88

1

The Covariation Model (Kelley, 1967) explains how individuals assign particular actions or behaviours to either internal (a person's characteristics) or external (the environment) control.

Low factors are predicated on internal attribution, and high on external. What are the three critiera that people use?

Select one of the following:

  • Consensus, distinctiveness, consistency

  • Consensus, discourse, consistency

  • Covariance, distinctiveness, consensus

  • All of the above

  • None of the above

Explanation

Question 26 of 88

1

According to Kelley's (1967) Covariation Model, we fall on past experience and look for:

Select one of the following:

  • Multiple sufficient and necessary causes

  • Multiple rational and irrational causes

  • Multiple emotional and identical causes

  • Multiple individualistic and existential causes

  • None of the above

Explanation

Question 27 of 88

1

According to Kuhn and McPartland (1954) in the "Twenty Statements Test", which part of us is as socially defined as it is introspectively knowable?

Select one of the following:

  • Self

  • External self

Explanation

Question 28 of 88

1

According to Epstein (1973), a major function of self-theory is to do what to positive experiences?

Select one of the following:

  • Optimise them

  • Incentivise them

  • Dysregulate them

Explanation

Question 29 of 88

1

Self-schema refers to:

Select one of the following:

  • Issues and topics that are either relevant, or irrelevant to our self-schema

  • A collection of ideas that a person holds about themselves

Explanation

Question 30 of 88

1

Self-schema refers to:

Select one of the following:

  • A collection of ideas that a person holds about themselves

  • A collection of issues and topics that are relevant, or otherwise, to our self-schemas

Explanation

Question 31 of 88

1

Categorisation refers to:

Select one of the following:

  • How we think about people in terms of groups and categories

  • How we think about people in terms of their individual selves

Explanation

Question 32 of 88

1

We are ________ on dimensions that are important in defining who we are, and we are ________ in dimensions that are not important to who we are

Select one of the following:

  • Schematic and aschematic

  • Self-identified and non-identified

Explanation

Question 33 of 88

1

According to Markus and Sentis (1982, cited in Fiske & Taylor, 1991), would you be faster or slower to respond to self-descriptors if they were schematic (related) to you?

Select one of the following:

  • Yes, you would be

  • No, you would not be

Explanation

Question 34 of 88

1

According to Markus and Wurf (1987), do "people tend to judge others on dimensions that are personally important to themselves"? For example, a person who values financial security will judge others on how they handle their income.

Select one of the following:

  • Yes

  • No

Explanation

Question 35 of 88

1

A working self-concept refers to:

Select one of the following:

  • Currently active or salient self-concepts that are selectively-based

  • A large pool of self-concepts that are either always active or salient

Explanation

Question 36 of 88

1

An affective state is:

Select one of the following:

  • A person's emotional state at a given time

  • A person's emotional state in the past or previously

  • A person's emotional state gearing towards the future

Explanation

Question 37 of 88

1

Synonymous with self-concept, _____-________ refers to the way in which an individual construes (or thinks about) themselves.

Select one of the following:

  • Self-construal

  • Self-constructivist

  • Self-thought

Explanation

Question 38 of 88

1

The more that a person adopts an interdependent view of self, do they more or less the view themselves in relation to others?

Select one of the following:

  • They view themselves more in relation to others

  • They view themselves less in relation to others

Explanation

Question 39 of 88

1

The more that a person adopts an independent view of self, do they more or less view themselves to be internally attributed?

Select one of the following:

  • More internally attributed

  • Less internally attributed

Explanation

Question 40 of 88

1

According to Markus and Kitayama (1991), ________ ________ will differ depending on whether an independent or interdependent construal self is at work.

Select one of the following:

  • Affective state

  • Affective response

  • Affective decision

Explanation

Question 41 of 88

1

According to Vignoles, Chryssochoou, and Breakwell (2004), should we presume such homogenised understandings of self within any one culture?

Select one of the following:

  • Yes, we should

  • No, we should not

Explanation

Question 42 of 88

1

Onorato and Turner (2004) argued against the idea of a working self-concept. This is because they believe that self is not always thought about in personal terms. Instead, they believe in:

Select one of the following:

  • Fluid transitioning between personal and self-identities

  • Rigid and hierarchical structures of personal and self-identities

Explanation

Question 43 of 88

1

Social comparison refers to:

Select one of the following:

  • Comparisons made between one's self and others

  • Comparisons made between one's own internal attributions and their external attributions

Explanation

Question 44 of 88

1

According to Sedikides (1993), is asking oneself questions a good way to understand themselves?

Select one of the following:

  • Yes, it is

  • No, it's not

Explanation

Question 45 of 88

1

According to Tesser (1988) and the self-evaluation maintenance model, can we increase our self-esteem by observing others?

Select one of the following:

  • Yes, we can

  • No, we cannot

Explanation

Question 46 of 88

1

According to Tesser (1988), if we compare ourselves to others that are talented in the abilities we are sure about, this will:

Select one of the following:

  • Positively affect our self-esteem

  • Negatively affect our self-esteem

Explanation

Question 47 of 88

1

According to Tesser (1988), if we compare ourselves to others in abilities that are not important to us, this:

Select one of the following:

  • Will certainly affect our self-esteem

  • This will not affect our self-esteem

Explanation

Question 48 of 88

1

Can we counterbalance against possible negative effects of self-esteem? For example, by exaggerating the ability of a successful target, changing comparison, distancing ourselves, or devaluing them (Tesser, 1988)?

Select one of the following:

  • Yes, we can

  • No, we cannot

Explanation

Question 49 of 88

1

In response to the Tesser (1988) model, Stapel and Blanton (2004) argued that:

Select one of the following:

  • Not all comaprisons are conscious and deliberate

  • All comparisons are conscious and deliberate

Explanation

Question 50 of 88

1

Blanton and Stapel (2008) followed on from their work to evaluate the Tesser (1988) model. They found that:

Select one of the following:

  • It does not always require contrasting, but can also involve unconscious assimilation

  • It always requires contrasting, whether it is conscious or otherwise

Explanation

Question 51 of 88

1

Did Blanton and Stapel argue that our responses could be unconscious and spontaneous, rather than deliberate?

Select one of the following:

  • Yes

  • No

Explanation

Question 52 of 88

1

Self-regulation refers to:

Select one of the following:

  • The way in which we regulate ourselves

  • The way in which we regulate others

Explanation

Question 53 of 88

1

Wirtz (et al., 2006) developed on the Bauermeister (et al., 2005) study to suggest that those with hypertension have what type of self-regulation?

Select one of the following:

  • Higher self-regulation

  • Lower self-regulation

Explanation

Question 54 of 88

1

Bauermeister (et al., 2005) found that participants exposed to 'social exclusion' did what?

Select one of the following:

  • Did not consume "healthy, but bad-tasting beverages", ate more cookies, quit sooner on a frustrating task and performed less well on an attention-related task

  • Were better able to consume "healthy, but bad-tasting beverages", ate less cookies, had more resolve, and performed better on attention-related tasks

Explanation

Question 55 of 88

1

Does the Dittmar (et al., 2007) model suggest that materialistic value orientation can give rise to compulsive shopping?

Select one of the following:

  • Yes, it can

  • No, it cannot

Explanation

Question 56 of 88

1

According to the Dittmar, Long and Bond (2007) research, does the ownership and acquisition of materialistic goods help to achieve major life goals?

Select one of the following:

  • Yes

  • No

Explanation

Question 57 of 88

1

Ideal self refers to:

Select one of the following:

  • What people are right now when they are most content

  • What people want to be, ideally

Explanation

Question 58 of 88

1

Can individuals believe that by acquiring materialistic value for their ideal selves will help them improve their social image? Will it form a strong identity motivation?

Select one of the following:

  • Yes

  • No

Explanation

Question 59 of 88

1

Tajfel (1969) and the research into minimal groups looked at what?

Select one of the following:

  • How participants appeared to think of themselves - as well as act - in terms so group membership

  • How participants appeared to think of themselves outside of the individual they are

Explanation

Question 60 of 88

1

Social identity refers to:

Select one of the following:

  • Our sense of selves as being a member of groups

  • Our sense of selves as being a member of our individual selves

Explanation

Question 61 of 88

1

Across a series of experiments, Tajfel (1970) found that participants made choices that did or did not show concern about there being a difference between the groups?

Select one of the following:

  • Did make choices that differentiated the two groups

  • Did not make decisions that differentiated between the two groups

Explanation

Question 62 of 88

1

An ingroup is:

Select one of the following:

  • Where we belong

  • Where others belong

Explanation

Question 63 of 88

1

An outgroup is:

Select one of the following:

  • Where we belong

  • Where others belong

Explanation

Question 64 of 88

1

Is the theory by Turner (et al., 1987) more general or specific than the self-categorisation theory?

Select one of the following:

  • More general

  • More specific

Explanation

Question 65 of 88

1

According to Onorato and Turner (2004), can people switch from personal identities to social identities? For example, a person boarding a train may have an active personal identity. However, if that same train was then boarded by football supporters of a rival team, their social identity may replace their personal one instead.

Select one of the following:

  • Yes, they can

  • No, they cannot

Explanation

Question 66 of 88

1

According to Hinkle and Brown (1990), as well as support from Mummendey, Klink, and Brown (2001) in response to the social identity theory, are ingroup-outgroup attitudes in behaviours that influence comparisons relational?

Select one of the following:

  • Yes, they are context dependent

  • No, they remain constant

Explanation

Question 67 of 88

1

According to Baumeister (1987), has historical research on self become more recent or has it been around for a lot longer?

Select one of the following:

  • Recent

  • A lot longer

Explanation

Question 68 of 88

1

According to Gergen (2009) are our selves and identities more social than we might readily acknowledge?

Select one of the following:

  • Yes

  • No

Explanation

Question 69 of 88

1

According to Gergen (2009), does our philosophy of self shape the way in which we make sense of the other(s)?

Select one of the following:

  • Yes

  • No

Explanation

Question 70 of 88

1

Individualist perspectives refer to:

Select one of the following:

  • The understanding of self individually

  • The understanding of self socially

Explanation

Question 71 of 88

1

According to Goffman (1959), the presentation of self in everyday life is:

Select one of the following:

  • Melancholic

  • Dramaturgical, theatrical, and staged

Explanation

Question 72 of 88

1

According to the elaborated social identity model (Drury & Reicher, 1999), can social identities change and become even more radicalised when in group or crowd situations against outgroups?

Select one of the following:

  • Yes

  • No

Explanation

Question 73 of 88

1

Membership category devices (MCDs) are:

Select one of the following:

  • What people use to do interactionally relevant work

  • What people use to define others

Explanation

Question 74 of 88

1

Interactionally relevant work refers to:

Select one of the following:

  • Things done by talk (eg, accounting, blaming, exonerating) that are relevant

  • Things not done by talk, that are unmotivated by conscious processes

Explanation

Question 75 of 88

1

An epistemic identity is:

Select one of the following:

  • An identity relevant to a knowledge state about a given target

  • An identity relevant to a knowledge state about one self

Explanation

Question 76 of 88

1

Adjacency pairs are:

Select one of the following:

  • Turns of talk that respond to one another (eg, "Do you have the time?" "Yes, it's half past three")

  • Turns of talk that go against responding to another person

Explanation

Question 77 of 88

1

According to Raymond and Heritage (2006), can our talk assert, or otherwise make relevant, our epistemically consequential identities?

Select one of the following:

  • Yes, they can

  • No, they cannot

Explanation

Question 78 of 88

1

According to Foucault (1978, 1985, 1986) suggested in his work, a subject is:

Select one of the following:

  • Not themselves, but tied to their own sense as well as subjected to others

  • Themselves and the captains of their own ships

Explanation

Question 79 of 88

1

Discursive formations are:

Select one of the following:

  • Cultural and historical constructions of our social world

  • Discursive formations of our reality

Explanation

Question 80 of 88

1

According to Sacks (1992), categories are:

Select one of the following:

  • Inevitable

  • Consequential

Explanation

Question 81 of 88

1

According to Sacks (1992), are formulations of talk relative to our moral implications and our identity?

Select one of the following:

  • Yes

  • No

Explanation

Question 82 of 88

1

Are different categories possible for a single person? For example, a female could also be a "mother", "cousin", "niece" or "wife".

Select one of the following:

  • Yes

  • No

Explanation

Question 83 of 88

1

According to the consistency rule (Sacks, 1992), if a person is categorised by a certain MCD, then:

Select one of the following:

  • The same can be used to categorised for the next person

  • The same cannot be used for the next person

Explanation

Question 84 of 88

1

When is the consistency rule (Sacks, 1992) violated?

Select one of the following:

  • When someone is sarcastic

  • When someone does not respond

Explanation

Question 85 of 88

1

According to category-bound activities (CBAs), are certain activities bound to certain categories? Are these relative to the consistency rule where they can be violated?

Select one of the following:

  • Yes

  • No

Explanation

Question 86 of 88

1

According to Foucault (1979, 1985, 1986), do labels of people ascribe certain identities?

Select one of the following:

  • Yes, they do

  • No, they do not

Explanation

Question 87 of 88

1

According to Foucault (1979, 1985, 1986), do the various selves that we inhabit or occupy vary dependent on sociohistoric contexts?

Select one of the following:

  • Yes, they do

  • No, they do not

Explanation

Question 88 of 88

1

According to Foucault (1979, 1985, 1986), are we influenced by moral codes (eg, moral codes are the ways in which individuals constitute​ themselves)?

Select one of the following:

  • Yes

  • No

Explanation

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