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social saved (Finished ) Quiz on Perspectives on Relationships, created by murat sertay on 15/08/2016.

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Perspectives on Relationships

Question 1 of 66

1

In relationships, we as individuals do not really care about fairness in relationships, as long as personal gain is in our favour.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 2 of 66

1

Hatfield, Utne, and Traupmann (1999) interviewed newly-married couples and how they felt about the current statuses of their marriage in relation to the effort that they put in.

Are we more content when we are over-benefited, under-benefited, or equitably treated?

Select one of the following:

  • Over-benefited.

  • Under-benefited.

  • Equitably treated.

  • None of the above.

Explanation

Question 3 of 66

1

Guilt in a relationship, particularly for women, is highest when...

Select one of the following:

  • We over-benefit from it.

  • We under-benefit from it.

  • We are equitably treated.

  • Others see how balanced our relationship is.

  • None of the above.

Explanation

Question 4 of 66

1

Anger in a relationship is highest when...

Select one of the following:

  • We are over-benefited.

  • We are under-benefited.

  • We are equitably treated.

  • None of the above.

Explanation

Question 5 of 66

1

People stay in a relationship only when the profit or payoff is higher than when they believe it is better than with someone else (Thibaut & Kelley, 1955).

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 6 of 66

1

Individuals who discover that their relationships are unbalanced will often try to restore equity (Hatfield, Berscheid & Walster, 1976).

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 7 of 66

1

According to Hatfield, Rapson, and Aumer-Ryan (2007) when are the concerns of fairness the most pertinent in a relationship?

Select one of the following:

  • The beginning.

  • When it looks to be ending.

  • Consistently across the span of it.

  • There aren't really any times.

  • Both at the beginning and when it looks to be ending.

Explanation

Question 8 of 66

1

Some have criticised the authenticity of research involving equity theory in relationships, citing that it generally happens in unbalanced (or unhappy) relationships that concerns about fairness are more prominent.

Is this true or false?

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 9 of 66

1

In the Aumer-Ryan (et al., 2007) study, when did the Jamaican participants feel satisfaction most compared to American participants?

Select one of the following:

  • When they over-benefited.

  • When they under-benefited.

  • When they were also equitably treated.

  • None of the above.

Explanation

Question 10 of 66

1

"People tend not to compare their own relationships with others and focus, individually, on all the variables and circumstances surrounding their own" (Buunk, Oldersma & De Dreu, 2001).

Is this statement true or false?

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 11 of 66

1

Wong and Goodwin (2009) conducted qualitative research on relationships in three different cultures (United Kingdom, Hong Kong, and Beijing).

Which of the following were the most important for Chinese and Hongkongese relationships? Select the appropriate, as there is more than one answer.

Select one or more of the following:

  • Companionship.

  • Equity.

  • Consolidation.

  • Characterisation.

  • Harmony.

Explanation

Question 12 of 66

1

According to Wong and Goodwin (2009), British couples find that is the most important aspect of a relationship, whilst Hongkongese and Chinese value more.

Drag and drop to complete the text.

    companionship
    trust
    attraction
    equity
    harmony
    codependency
    love
    family

Explanation

Question 13 of 66

1

Are the six definitions of love, as highlighted by Watts and Stenner (2013), built on traditional masculine and feminine values, or are they fluid and ever-changing?

Select one of the following:

  • Traditional values.

  • Fluid and ever-changing.

  • Both.

  • Neither.

  • None of the above.

Explanation

Question 14 of 66

1

Milnes (2010) argues that society's ideological constructions of sexuality for males and females have an inherent double standard. Men are seen as active, wild, and generally uncontrollable, meanwhile, women are seen as passive and reactive.

Men generally excused for potential promiscuity, because of these constructions, compared to women. Is this statement true or false?

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 15 of 66

1

Boonzaier (2008) interviewed male and female couples in which there had been histories of abuse suffered by the women that were inflicted by their male partners.

What was the main draw from her findings?

Select one of the following:

  • That the men positioned themselves as victims.

  • That the men positioned women as victims.

  • That the women blamed their partners.

  • That the women blamed themselves.

  • Both blamed each other.

  • None of the above.

Explanation

Question 16 of 66

1

Jealousy is often a single event in a relationship, rather than found to be developed from a series of previous events.

Is this statement true or false?

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 17 of 66

1

Membership categorisation (MCD) devices can be used to denote particular stereotypes to characteristics of other individuals. For example, Stokoe (2010) observed discourses in conversation about men from two women.

"That's men," Sophie said. "That's what James was like on Sunday". The MCD is not about the individual in particular, but about the membership of James and men in general.

True or false?

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 18 of 66

1

According to Butler (1990), gender is .

Drag and drop to complete the text.

    performative
    rigid
    fluid
    irrelevant
    unnecessary

Explanation

Question 19 of 66

1

Butler (1990) believes that identity is singular, fixed, and that they shape our gender relevant behaviours. Is this true or false?

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 20 of 66

1

"Our available lexicon of sexuality and relationships both makes available and delimits who, what, and how we can be"

Butler (1989, 1999, 2004) wrote this. True or false?

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 21 of 66

1

According to Butler (1989, 1999, 2004) gender is non-binary, and there are some definitions of sexuality and identity that cannot be defined. True or false?

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 22 of 66

1

Select the definition that best describes the equity theory.

Select one of the following:

  • We balance what is fair in a cost-reward ratio in accordance to both (or more parties) and ensure that these is maximum fairness and balance.

  • We determine what is best for us when balancing resources in negotiations between two parties.

  • We ensure that the other party has a fairer share before thinking of ourselves when negotiating resources.

  • All of the above.

Explanation

Question 23 of 66

1

Select the definition that best describes the exchange theory.

Select one of the following:

  • We act on a cost-reward basis in our interactions with others, particularly in relationships, but what will give us the greatest profit in doing so.

  • We try to exchange with others, in terms of interaction, with what will benefit us the most.

  • We ensure that people other than ourselves perceive us in higher social standing after negotiating higher cost-reward in their benefit during interactions.

  • All of the above.

  • None of the above.

Explanation

Question 24 of 66

1

"For the equity theory, research is often very artificial. They are usually held within inauthentic settings and tend to revolve around business games where one party goes as far to help the others as much as they have been helped themselves. Therefore, it's not widely generalisable to personable, human interaction and relationships" (Wilke & Lanzetta, 1970).

Is this statement true or false?

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 25 of 66

1

Reproductive fitness refers to:

Select one of the following:

  • Mates that have the optimum chance of passing one's own genes through to their offspring

  • Mates who have the optimum opportunities to reproduce a number of offspring

Explanation

Question 26 of 66

1

According to the evolutionary process between sexual partners, is it the more positive or negatively related preferences are to sexual preferences that genes are passed on?

Select one of the following:

  • The more negatively related, the fewer genes that are passed on

  • The more negatively related, the more genes that are passed on

Explanation

Question 27 of 66

1

According to the Buss (1989) study, are there sex-linked preferences between males and females?

Select one of the following:

  • Yes, there are

  • No, there are not

Explanation

Question 28 of 66

1

For Buss (1989), sex-linked preferences refer to:

Select one of the following:

  • What is desirable in a potential mate for a person making the judgement

  • What is undesirable in a potential mate for a person making the judgement

Explanation

Question 29 of 66

1

Who of the two sexes is investing more in human reproduction?

Select one of the following:

  • Males

  • Females

Explanation

Question 30 of 66

1

Buss (1989) suggested that:

Select one of the following:

  • Cultural differences (etc) exert powerful effects on the value attached to chastity

  • Cultural differences (etc) have no effect at all on the value of chastity

Explanation

Question 31 of 66

1

According to Stone, Shackleford, and Buss (2008), countries with poor health had preferences for:

Select one of the following:

  • Financial security

  • Good health

Explanation

Question 32 of 66

1

According to Chu (et al., 2007) females showed a consistent preference for attractive males of:

Select one of the following:

  • Medium status rather than high status

  • High status rather than medium status

Explanation

Question 33 of 66

1

Which sex, according to Shackleford (et al., 2005) prefers "dependability, stability, education, and intelligence" more?

Select one of the following:

  • Men

  • Women

Explanation

Question 34 of 66

1

Which impact what, according to Confer (et al., 2010)

Select one of the following:

  • Culture impacts evolution

  • Evolution impacts culture

Explanation

Question 35 of 66

1

According to Wheeler and Kim (1997), Koreans Americans find what attractive?

Select one of the following:

  • Social skills, friendliness, and well-adjusted pictures with others

  • Social withdrawal, hostility, and generally negative attitudes

Explanation

Question 36 of 66

1

According to Festinger, Schachter, and Back (1950) and propinquity, were participants' closest friends living nearer to them or further apart?

Select one of the following:

  • Nearer to them

  • Further apart

Explanation

Question 37 of 66

1

According to research (Bornstein, 1989; Bornstein & D'Agostino, 1992; Moreland & Beach, 1992), did participants attend classes the more they liked or disliked the confederates?

Select one of the following:

  • They attended classes the more they liked the confederates

  • They attended classes they less that they liked the confederates

Explanation

Question 38 of 66

1

According to Heider (1958) and the balance theory, we are motivated to achieve a state of equilibrium. Therefore:

Select one of the following:

  • We like those that we share similar attitudes with, and dislike those that we don't

  • We like those that we do not share similar attitudes with, and dislike those who do

Explanation

Question 39 of 66

1

According to Byrne (1971) and the law of attraction:

Select one of the following:

  • The proportion of shared attitudes is correspondent with the level of attraction

  • The proportion of misaligned attitudes is correspondent with the level of attraction

Explanation

Question 40 of 66

1

According to Jones, Pelham, Carvalho, and Mirenberg (2004), was there a significant or non-significant matching between people sharing the same surname prior to marriage

Select one of the following:

  • Significant matching

  • Non-significant matching

Explanation

Question 41 of 66

1

Jones (et al., 2004) found in similarity research that those who had experimental codes similar to their birth dates or surnames were:

Select one of the following:

  • Had a greater liking for each other

  • Had a greater hostility towards others

Explanation

Question 42 of 66

1

According to Singh (et al., 2007), does how someone is personally evaluated have a significant effect? Does it increase attraction?

Select one of the following:

  • Yes, it does

  • No, it does not

Explanation

Question 43 of 66

1

According to research (Riela, Rodriguez, Aron, Xu & Acevedo, 2010; Riela, et al., 2010) similarity is not as influential as perceived liking. Riela (et al., 2010) found that white Americans and Asian Americans were less or more fond of "liking each other" and "familiarity"?

Select one of the following:

  • More fond of reciprocal liking

  • Less fond of reciprocal liking

Explanation

Question 44 of 66

1

Reciprocal liking refers to:

Select one of the following:

  • Mutual liking between two people

  • Mutual dislike between two people

Explanation

Question 45 of 66

1

According to Wood and Brumbaugh (2009), assortative mating is the idea that:

Select one of the following:

  • People seek out partners who share certain characteristics with themselves

  • People seek out partners who do not share the same characteristics as they do

Explanation

Question 46 of 66

1

According to research (Buss & Barnes, 1986; Geary, Vigil & Byrd-Craven, 2004), market forces refer to:

Select one of the following:

  • The 'market value' of a potential mate that are perceived by others when looking for people

  • The forces of the markets in which evolutionary psychology attempts to search

Explanation

Question 47 of 66

1

According to Wood and Brumbaugh (2009), do men show strong consensual concern for physical characteristics?

Select one of the following:

  • Yes, they do

  • No, they do not

Explanation

Question 48 of 66

1

Wood and Brumbaugh (2009) found through their research that there is or is not a consensus for what traits are desirable in sexual partners?

Select one of the following:

  • There is a consensus

  • There is no consensus, at all

Explanation

Question 49 of 66

1

According to Dickerson (2012), does your heightened state of arousal or excitation shape how you understand your feelings about meeting someone?

Select one of the following:

  • Yes, they do

  • No, they do not

Explanation

Question 50 of 66

1

The excitation transfer refers to:

Select one of the following:

  • The misattribution of a state of arousal

  • The attribution of state or arousal

Explanation

Question 51 of 66

1

In the Dutton and Aron (1974), who called the experimenter after the study more?

Select one of the following:

  • Those on the precarious bridge

  • Those on the safe bridge

Explanation

Question 52 of 66

1

According to Cohen and Waugh (1989), those leaving 'suspense thriller' films were more or less aroused? For example, holding hands more, touching (etc).

Select one of the following:

  • More aroused

  • Less aroused

Explanation

Question 53 of 66

1

Meston and Frohlich (2003) found that ratings for attractiveness of a photograph were higher or lower for which group?

Select one of the following:

  • Higher for the post-ride group

  • Higher for the pre-ride group

Explanation

Question 54 of 66

1

The ________ ________ is an idea that our motivation to enter and remain in relationships is driven by our assessment of the profit (rewards - costs) of doing so. Our behaviour is thus driven by seeking to maximise our profit. Profit, in this context, can include any perceived net benefits, not just financial ones.

Select one of the following:

  • Exchange theory

  • Equity theory

Explanation

Question 55 of 66

1

Rational actor refers to:

Select one of the following:

  • The idea that human behaviour can be made sense of in terms of individuals rationally purusing what they perceive to be their own self-interest

  • The idea that human behaviour can be made sense of in terms of individuals not rationally acting in what they want, but what others want

Explanation

Question 56 of 66

1

The ________ ________ is an idea that people are motivated by a concern with both maximising their outcomes (like the other theory) and (unlike the other theory) with fairness. The concern with fairness is understood as a particularly important issue for understanding partners' satisfaction or distress within a relationship.

Select one of the following:

  • Equity theory

  • Exchange theory

Explanation

Question 57 of 66

1

According to the Adams (1965) formula, outcome rewards minus outcome costs are ________ by perceived input.

Select one of the following:

  • Divided

  • Multiplied

  • Added

  • Subtracted

Explanation

Question 58 of 66

1

According to Adams (1965), the more a person feels that they contribute to the relationship (input), the more or less they feel that they deserve to receive in terms of outcomes and inputs?

Select one of the following:

  • More they feel

  • Less they feel

Explanation

Question 59 of 66

1

Pillemer, Hatfield, and Sprecher (2008) found that, in a study of women aged between 50 and 82, that women were their most content when:

Select one of the following:

  • Over-benefiting

  • Under-benefiting

Explanation

Question 60 of 66

1

According to Austin and Walster (1975), are individuals more concerned with equity in totality or equity in only some places

Select one of the following:

  • Totality

  • Some places

Explanation

Question 61 of 66

1

Attributions can be understood as:

Select one of the following:

  • Definitions

  • Causations

Explanation

Question 62 of 66

1

Stander, Hsiung and McDermaid (2001) found that marriages rated as "conflictual" had higher or lower incidences of distress-maintaining attributions?

Select one of the following:

  • Higher level of incidences

  • Lower levels of incidences

Explanation

Question 63 of 66

1

Fincham, Harold, and Gano-Phillips (2000) asserted that:

Select one of the following:

  • Attributions concerning partner behaviour shape relationship satisfaction

  • Attributions concerning partner behaviour do not shape relationship satisfaction at all

Explanation

Question 64 of 66

1

Available discourses refer to:

Select one of the following:

  • Culturally available constructions about how things are

  • Culturally available constructions about how the world should be

Explanation

Question 65 of 66

1

Ideological implications refer to:

Select one of the following:

  • Versions of the world that are constructed, and their consequences, in being a type of person (eg, male, female)

  • Versions of the world that others do not see but yourself

Explanation

Question 66 of 66

1

Interactional implications are:

Select one of the following:

  • Implications with an immediate interaction

  • Implications that do not have an immediate interaction

Explanation

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