Cardio Exam 1 set 2

Question 1 of 22

1

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the M-mode ECHO modality?

Select one of the following:

Has excellent temporal resolution so it is well suited to the examination of rapidly moving structures
Can use it to measure the left ventricle
Can use it to measure systolic function
Use the long axis of the heart

Explanation

Question 2 of 22

1

2D mode is a cross section of the heart. You can evaluate the heart on the long or short axis. The resolution is better than M-mode images.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 3 of 22

1

What information can you get from a cardiac ultrasound? Check all that apply.

Select one or more of the following:

Confirm suspected diagnosis
Superior evaluation of cardiac dimensions of the right ventricle and right atrium
Evaluate valvular morphology
Evaluation of ventricular systolic function
Evaluation of severity of stenosis or shunts

Explanation

Question 4 of 22

1

Which of the following apply to spectral Doppler? Check all that apply.

Select one or more of the following:

Allows to measure blood velocity
Allows to establish the severity of a stenosis (continuous Doppler)
Allows to establish direction of the blood through a shunt (L to R or R to L) and the pressure gradient
Allows non-invasive evaluation of pulmonary hypertension
Allows to identify fast turbulent flow (stenotic valve, valvular insufficiency)
Allows to subjectively assess severity of valve regurgitation

Explanation

Question 5 of 22

1

ΔP = 4 x v². Which of the following is FALSE about this equation?

Select one of the following:

It is called Bernoulli's equation
Is used to quantify stenosis
Is used with color Doppler
Is used to evaluate direction and pressure gradient through a shunt

Explanation

Question 6 of 22

1

Which image below is of an ECHO on the long axis?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 7 of 22

1

When distinguishing between mediastinal fat and cardiomegaly, fuzzy margins and a more radiolucent area surrounding the heart indicate cardiomegaly.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 8 of 22

1

Which of the following is FALSE?

Select one of the following:

The cardiac silhouette may be enlarged without heart enlargement. This occurs commonly in obese animals where fat is deposited in the pericardium.
Athletic dogs may have slightly larger hearts.
Puppies appear to have larger hearts relative to their body size.
Radiographs help distinguish between dilation and hypertrophy.
Breed conformation causes a tremendous variation in cardiac shape and size.

Explanation

Question 9 of 22

1

Which of the following indicate right heart enlargement? Check all that apply.

Select one or more of the following:

Enlargement of dorsocaudal border
Dorsal deviation of entire trachea (parallel to spine)
May see caudal bronchi compression
Caudal heart border elongated and upright
Increased width of heart
Increased sternal contact
Elevation of apex
Elevation of trachea if severe

Explanation

Question 10 of 22

1

Right heart enlargement in a cat looks like a Valentine's heart.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 11 of 22

1

Which of the following is FALSE about congenital heart disease?

Select one of the following:

Almost all patients have a cardiac murmur
Absence of clinical signs at the time of detection is typical and implies good prognosis
Some lesions can be corrected but are associated with high mortality if untreated
Definitive non-invasive diagnosis requires Doppler echocardiography

Explanation

Question 12 of 22

1

Congenital heart disease may cause a soft murmur but a loud one always indicates the presence of disease.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 13 of 22

1

Which of the following is TRUE of therapy of congenital heart disease?

Select one of the following:

CHD is most appropriately treated by medical therapy
All surgical approaches (not including interventional catheterization) require cardiopulmonary bipass
Interventional catheterization is nearly as invasive as surgeries
Some forms of CHD can be treated definitively

Explanation

Question 14 of 22

1

Which of the following is FALSE about PDA?

Select one of the following:

One of the most common forms of CHD in dogs
If a murmur is truly continuous, PDA is almost always the cause
PDA imposes volume overload on the right atrium and right ventricle, therefore right-sided CHF is a potential consequence
Mortality is high without correction. Transcatheter occlusion or surgical ligation represent definitive management

Explanation

Question 15 of 22

1

Which of the following describe pulmonic stenosis? Check all that apply.

Select one or more of the following:

Imposes a pressure overload on the right ventricle
Severely affected dogs may develop and succumb to right-sided CHF in the first years of life despite a lack of clinical signs during puppyhood
Definitive diagnosis requires Doppler ECHO
Initial treatment of choice is balloon valvuloplasty
A common malformation most often in large breed dogs
Imposes a pressure overload on the left ventricle
Definitive diagnosis requires M-mode ECHO
Severely affected dogs are more likely to die suddenly than to develop CHF
Management options are few, beta-blockade may be palliative

Explanation

Question 16 of 22

1

Isolated ventricular septal defects cause a diastolic murmur, shunts left to right and imposes a volume overload on the left atrium and left ventricle. Most VSD in small animals is severe with significant clinical consequences.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 17 of 22

1

Which of the following describe concentric hypertrophy? Check all that apply.

Select one or more of the following:

Hypertrophy associated with normal chamber dimensions
Hypertrophy associated with chamber dilation
Consequence of pressure overloads
Consequence of volume overloads

Explanation

Question 18 of 22

1

Which of the following is FALSE regarding atrial septal defects?

Select one of the following:

A left-to-right ASD imposes a volume load on the right atrium and ventricle
If present, a murmur results from "functional pulmonic stenosis" not the shunt itself
ASDs are relatively uncommon
Can be repaired per-catheter using an occluding device or surgically under cardiopulmonary bypass
All of the above are true
All of the above are false

Explanation

Question 19 of 22

1

Which of the following is FALSE regarding AV valve dysplasia?

Select one of the following:

Can result in regurgitation or stenosis
Relatively common in cats
Tricuspid valvular dysplasia is relatively common in labradors
Severity is often mild
Regurgitation as a result of dysplasia requires cardiopulmonary bypass for correction

Explanation

Question 20 of 22

1

Cyanotic heart disease results when there is a shunt at one of the following: tricuspid stenosis, severe pulmonic stenosis, pulmonary hypertension associated with elevated pulmonary vascular resistance.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 21 of 22

1

Eisenmenger's Physiology states that decreased pulmonary blood flow can result in vascular disease, a drop in pulmonary vascular resistance and shunt reversal.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 22 of 22

1

Tetrology of Fallot is an uncommon cyanotic heart disease. Pulmonic stenosis, ventricular septal defect, right ventricular hypertrophy, and aortic malposition are all present. Definitive repair is under cardiopulmonary bypass. Phlebotomy/beta-blockade may be palliative.

Select one of the following:

True
False

	Created by karahm almost 11 years ago

ECHO, radiology, congenital heart disease

Cardio Exam 1 set 2

Question 1 of 22

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the M-mode ECHO modality?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 2 of 22

2D mode is a cross section of the heart. You can evaluate the heart on the long or short axis. The resolution is better than M-mode images.

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 3 of 22

What information can you get from a cardiac ultrasound? Check all that apply.

Select one or more of the following:

Explanation

Question 4 of 22

Which of the following apply to spectral Doppler? Check all that apply.

Select one or more of the following:

Explanation

Question 5 of 22

ΔP = 4 x v². Which of the following is FALSE about this equation?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 6 of 22

Which image below is of an ECHO on the long axis?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 7 of 22

When distinguishing between mediastinal fat and cardiomegaly, fuzzy margins and a more radiolucent area surrounding the heart indicate cardiomegaly.

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 8 of 22

Which of the following is FALSE?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 9 of 22

Which of the following indicate right heart enlargement? Check all that apply.

Select one or more of the following:

Explanation

Question 10 of 22

Right heart enlargement in a cat looks like a Valentine's heart.

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 11 of 22

Which of the following is FALSE about congenital heart disease?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 12 of 22

Congenital heart disease may cause a soft murmur but a loud one always indicates the presence of disease.

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 13 of 22

Which of the following is TRUE of therapy of congenital heart disease?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 14 of 22

Which of the following is FALSE about PDA?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 15 of 22

Which of the following describe pulmonic stenosis? Check all that apply.

Select one or more of the following:

Explanation

Question 16 of 22

Isolated ventricular septal defects cause a diastolic murmur, shunts left to right and imposes a volume overload on the left atrium and left ventricle. Most VSD in small animals is severe with significant clinical consequences.

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 17 of 22

Which of the following describe concentric hypertrophy? Check all that apply.

Select one or more of the following:

Explanation

Question 18 of 22

Which of the following is FALSE regarding atrial septal defects?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 19 of 22

Which of the following is FALSE regarding AV valve dysplasia?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 20 of 22

Cyanotic heart disease results when there is a shunt at one of the following: tricuspid stenosis, severe pulmonic stenosis, pulmonary hypertension associated with elevated pulmonary vascular resistance.