Pergamum bequeathed to the Romans in this year

latifundia

Villa (pl. villae)

villa rustica

pars urbana

pars rustica

villa maritima

Mos Maiorum

Fides

Pietas

Mos Maiorum System of Virtues

Imperium

The Gracchi Brothers Father

The Gracchi Brothers Mother

Tiberius Gracchus

Octavius

Senate response to land reforms

Tiberius Gracchus Breach of Mos Maiorum

Senate Breach of Mos Maiorum

Gaius Gracchus

more radical than Tiberius, despised the senators and hence was considered more dangerous than his brother

Gaius opposed senatorial influence

implemented popular reforms on grain prices for the urban populace and proposed citizenship for Ius Latii communities

consul L. Opimius

Aftermath of Gracchi: Populares

Aftermath of Gracchi: Optimates

Purpose of Optimates

Marius

Marius as a victorious general

Marius made an alliance with two populares Saturninus and Glaucia

Gaius Memmius

Senate declared them public enemies. They took refuge in the Capitol and were killed after surrendering

Marius retires from public life

Marius ’ reforms in the Army

Unforeseen consequences of military reform

Sulla

Social Wars (90/89 BC)

Ca. 88 B.C.E Mithridates, hellenistic king

Sulla elected consul in 88 B.C.E

Marius's reaction to Senate giving command of army to Sulla

Unprecedented event in Roman history

marches against Rome with six legions of his veterans from the Social Wars. expels and hunts down Marius and his followers whom he calls a tyrant

POMERIUM

POMERIUM rules

At the end of 87 BC Marius returns to Rome in Sulla's absence

Marius and Cinna elected consuls for the year 86 B.C.E.

Sulla’s victories against Mithridates

Flaccus

Negotiations with Mithridates

Cinna assassinated

Sulla’s second march against Rome

How did Sulla weaken the assemblies?

Proscriptions

Consequences of First Civil War

78 B.C.E., Lepidus (consul in 79 B.C.E.)

Sertorius

Spartacus

70 B.C.E Pompey and Crassus

63 B.C.E. Catilinarian Conspiracy

60 B.C.E. Pompey, Crassus and Caesar

Crassus

Pompey

Pompey builds power base in the East

Caesar

Optimates

Cato the Younger

Cicero

“First Triumvirate” private agreement (60)

“First Triumvirate” renewed at Luca (56)

End of “Triumvirate”

Conflict of forceful personalities

50 BC Caesar’s 2nd consulship?

49 B.C.E.: Caesar versus Pompey

Pharsalus (48)

Egypt Caesar versus Pompey