Anna K
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Quiz of the issues surrounding the diagnosis of schizophrenia - A level, AQA exam specification

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Anna K
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Issues surrounding the diagnosis of schizophrenia

Question 1 of 18

1

One of the big issues with diagnosing schizophrenia is that there are different diagnostic systems. What are the two different diagnostic systems used by America and England

Select one or more of the following:

  • DSM and ICD

  • MSM and ICD

  • DSM and ICT

  • MSM and ICT

Explanation

Question 2 of 18

1

True or False: The DSM (used by America) has much broader diagnostic definitions which leads to a lot more people being diagnosed with Sz in America

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 3 of 18

1

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

Research by ( Cooper, Brown, Gottesmann, Ayllon ) showed that sz diagnosis was ( twice, three times, many times ) as likely in America using the ( DSM, MSM, DSS, DTS ) compared to England where they used the ( ICD, ICT, ISD, CRC ). Cooper said it was ( highly unlikely, very likely, probable, definitely ) that this difference was due to ( cultural factors, social factors, genetic factors ) but rather that it was due to the ( unreliability, reliability, fact ) of having two ( different diagnostic systems, similar diagnostic systems, countries, hospital systems ). However this research was conducted in the ( 70's, 50's, 90's, 80's, 30's ) and since then efforts have been made to ( bring, push, end ) the two different systems ( closer together, further apart ), making this ( less, more, half ) of an issue.

Explanation

Question 4 of 18

1

What is low inter-rater reliability?

Select one of the following:

  • When the reliability between rates is low.

  • When there is little agreement between two or more raters.

  • When degree of agreement between two or more raters is high.

Explanation

Question 5 of 18

1

True or False: Inter-rater reliability is not always high in the diagnosis of schizophrenia.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 6 of 18

1

Doctors who are working from the same diagnostic system, when presented with the same individual and the same symptoms, should all reach the same diagnosis.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 7 of 18

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Inter-rater Reliability Research
Research by showed that there is a level of inter-rater reliability surrounding the diagnosis of schizophrenia. Two psychiatrists, working from the , were both presented with patients and asked to diagnose them. found their agreement rate on sz diagnosis was %, and this percentage was even for the .
This proves that inter-rater reliability for sz diagnosis is considering, since they were working from the diagnostic system, it should have been %. Beck found that this of agreement came from and diagnostic in the which left the diagnosis up to the psychiatrists . However this study was conducted in the 's and since then the has greatly its diagnostic and a more recent study by found a % agreement rate, therefore this is now of an issue.

Explanation

Question 8 of 18

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

There is an issue surrounding the of the and of schizophrenia due to the amount of surrounding it, from of testing to potential .

Explanation

Question 9 of 18

1

What did Rosenhan claim the psychiatrist at the hospitals could not do?

Select one of the following:

  • Tell the 'sane from the insane'

  • Tell their left from their right

  • Tell the time

Explanation

Question 10 of 18

1

What is the issue called surrounding the fact that there is not a single way to scientifically test for psychological disorders such as sz?

Select one of the following:

  • Lack of Science

  • Lack of Objective Testing

  • Scientific inaccuracies

  • Loss of Lab

Explanation

Question 11 of 18

1

A problem with the diagnosis of Sz, as it is a disorder, is that the testing means the diagnosis is left up to the psychiatrists of the patients description of their symptoms, which is a form of . This causes many issues as self report is notoriously , the patient may , or other wise their symptoms which can lead to a misdiagnosis.
An example of this can be found in 's study where the doctors wrongly diagnosed 7 out of 8 of the non-psychotic pseudo patients as schizophrenic, this was because the pseudo patients lied about their symptoms to the doctors which lead to the misdiagnosis.
Another piece of research supporting this was done by and , they showed that the between doctors diagnosing without use of laboratory and objective testing was just as as the agreement rate for schizophrenia diagnosis. This further proves that lack of objective testing causes a large issue for the diagnosis of schizophrenia.

Drag and drop to complete the text.

    psychological
    biological
    lack of objective
    interpretation
    feelings
    assumptions
    self report
    unreliable
    reliable
    lie
    forget
    inadequately describe
    Rosenhan
    Ayllon
    Falek
    Moser
    Moss
    agreement rate
    tonsillitis
    appendicitis
    low
    high

Explanation

Question 12 of 18

1

What are the issues of Comorbity in the diagnosis of Sz?

Select one or more of the following:

  • Some symptoms overlap, for example avocation is found in both depression and sz

  • Individuals can have more than one psychological disorder at the same time

  • Diagnosis lacks depth

Explanation

Question 13 of 18

1

Which of these is an issue with Comorbidity in the diagnosis of Sz?

Select one of the following:

  • As symptoms can overlap the patient may be misdiagnosed and receive the wrong treatment which could exacerbate their condition.

  • The patient may be lying about symptoms.

  • There is a low level of agreement between doctors on the diagnosis of Sz

Explanation

Question 14 of 18

1

What can happen once an individual is labeled as schizophrenic?

Select one or more of the following:

  • It can lead to discrimination and prejudice

  • Self-fulfilling prophecy

  • They are packaged

  • They will change their symptoms

Explanation

Question 15 of 18

1

True or False: Rosenhan supported labelling

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 16 of 18

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Labelling Studies
A study by showed that once people were given a , such as 'schizophrenic', they began to act to their label and their of the disorder. He said that labelling was a , they become their label.

In his study found after the patients were assigned the of 'schizophrenic and admitted to the hospital the hospital staff saw and interpreted pseudo patients as a of sz, even though they were behaving would. For example, one of the pseudo patients kept a diary and a nurse described the act of keeping a diary as '' which is a completely made up term that would not be recognised of the environment. This proves that labelling someone as 'schizophrenic' creates an issue because all of their behaviour is then viewed and interpreted in relation to that label which can lead to ordinary behaviour being interpreted, as in 's study.

Explanation

Question 17 of 18

1

The psychiatrists _______ could reduce the reliability and validity of their sz diagnosis.

Select one of the following:

  • Bias

  • Degree

  • Enviroment

Explanation

Question 18 of 18

1

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

A study by ( Keith, Conrad, Kevin ) found that there was a social economical ( bias, difference, change ) in the diagnosis of Sz as a ( larger, smaller ) amount of people from a ( lower, higher, better ) social economical background are diagnosed with Sz. He found ( 1.9, 0.19, 1.4, 1.6 )% of woking class individuals were diagnosed with sz, compared to the ( 0.9, 0.4, 0.8, 1.9 )% of middle and ( 0.4, 0.02, 0.2, 0.3 )% of upper class people. Keith claims it is unlikely that this difference is caused by ( environmental, biological ) factors and is due to the ( social bias, incompetence, failing ) of the doctor or psychiatrist. Furthermore ( 2.1, 21, 1.2 )% of African Americans are diagnosed with sz compared to ( 1.4, 1.9, 0.4 )% of white Americans, which suggests an ethical bias.

Explanation

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