Cells that myelinate the nerve cells in the CNS/PNS?

PSNS vs SNS differences?

What decreases the risk of NTD?

Number of layers in the cortex?
Neurones break through which plate to reach cortical plate?

Where do the two dura layers spilt?

The superficial layer is different to the deep layer how?

What allows the CSF to drain into the sinuses at the Falx cerebri?

Tentorial herniation occurs why? and damages what?

Collections of arachnoid villi are called?

CSF produced by what cells?

Haemorrhage types and what vessels burst?

Four differences in CSF and blood?

Describe CSF circulation?

What happens when CSF is continuosly produced?

What areas lack the BBB?

Dicenphalon is?

Hypothalamus connected to, functions?

Functions of the amygdala and hippocampus?

Functions of temporal/occipital/parietal

Explain the loop involving the basal ganglia and SMA

Lentiform nucleus/striatum are composed of? LN is lateral or medial to the internal capsule

Connections from the BG to the thalamus are?

Dopamine containing neurones are?

Direct and indirect pathways function?
Describe each pathway briefly?

Parkinsons disease is caused by degeneration in what part of the brain?

Huntingtons disease

Ballism is caused by?

The vertebral arteries branch off where?

Describe what part of the brain each branch of COW supplies?

Lower limb,Upper limb and face motor and sensory arterial supply?

Describe a watershed infarct?

Commonest site for an ischaemic stroke and why?

CBF=, how much of the CO does the brain use?

Range of brain auto regulation?

CBF maintained by what 3 things?

PSNS/SNS control arises from where?

Metabolic control?

Reduction in O2 supply triggers production of what chemical

Myogenic control does what to vessels

Marker used for fMRI

Final type of brain imaging

Three components of the skull

Average ICP

CPP/mean BP/ ICP equation

Cardiac arrests causes what at watershed zones?

Four causes for raised ICP?

S&S of raised ICP?

Types of intracranial herniation?

Effects of a transtentorial herniation?

Berry anerysm occurs which intracranial space?

Secondary tumours of the brain come from where?

Primary tumours relatively affect which demographic the most?

Two types of hydrocephalus?

Are neurones terminally differentiated?

Human brain consumes what % for each of the following: CO/02/Glucose

The nernst Equation tells us what?

Goldmanns equation uses what three variable?

If the RMP becomes closer to Nernst potential what has happened to the permability?

Where are the action potential generated?

For saltatory conduction which is more important for the speed of the impulse myelination or diameter?

Astrocytes have what functions?

The WBC of the brain are called?

What lines the ventricles?

Number of cells it myelinates Schawnn and oligodendrocytes?

Microplagia form amyloid plaques in what disease?

Summation allows?

How do neurones pass info?

Sensory discrimination is sharpen by?

EEGS release frequencies what does delta/theta/alpha/beta indicate

Dopamine depletion occurs where?

Levodopa is given with what other drug?
Commonest side effect with levo dopa?

+/- of direct dopamine agonists?

What cant you consume when on a MAO-B inhibitor such as selegiline?

Dopamine depletion leads to what?

Deep brain stimulation implant is located where?

Gene therapy use what?

Huntington disease is causes by increases numbers of what codon?

CAG repeat length determines what?

Potential therapies for Hungtindons?

Somatosensory conveys all sensory to the CNS apart from?
Methods of obtaining info?

Where do sensory afferent neurones decussate? What cell type?
Synapse where?

Sensory ganglia are found where?
In cranial nerves?

Peripheral neuropathy presents in what fashion?

The stimulus strength is indicated by what?

5 variables for sensory afferent neurones?

What is an adequate stimulus?

Low versus high threshold types?

Slowly/rapidly adapting fibres?

Are A fibres myelinated?
C fibres run in what?

Receptive field in primary afferent neurones?

Which fibres have the slowest and quickest conduction velocity?

Non-nociceptive cutaneous fibre class?

Pacinian corpuscle?

Meissners corpuscle?
What plays the role of these in hairy skin

Merkel cells?

Ruffini?

LTM stand for and what fibre type?

Two types of muscle afferents, general characteristics?

Type 1&2 tendon and joint receptors

4 types of processing in the ascending pathway?

Lateral inhibition releases what NT?

Define nociception?

Pain is transmitted in what fibres, where to the cell bodies of these sit?

Cutaneous nociceptors have?
Sharp pricking pain versus slow burning pain?

TRPV-1 is found where?
Describe its action

Why does a burn continue to hurt at room temp?

Nociceptors release what substances?

Central sensitisation
Where does windup occur?

Give a few differences between high and low threshold primary afferents?

Gate control theory stimulates what fibre to counter act pain?

Spinothalamic tract where does it decussate?

Cortical areas active in pain?

Interoceptive activates what?

PAG/Amydala/hypothalamus role in pain?

Descending control of nociception?

Major sites of analgesic opioid actions?

Neuropathic pain?
De afferentation pain?

Referred pain?

Define Hyperalagesia/allodynia?

LA two effect on NA Channels?

Small or large fibres blocked more readily?

Two drugs that exhibit LA properties at high concentrations?

Two pathways that LA use?

What LA is only used experimentally and give an example of LA that uses the hydrophobic pathway?

Explain use dependance?

Metabolism mechanisms of LA/Does LA VC or VD?

Clinical uses of LA (6)?

Side effects of LA?

Opioid vs Opiate?

Where do C fibres terminate?
What tract to nociceptors use?

What inhibits pain transmission in substantia gelatinosa?
Causes local release of what?
System is activated by what drug?

List the four opioid, what are three inhibited by?

Problem with giving morphine orally?
When do u give morphine orally?

Side effects of morphine?

With what and where is morphine metabolised, where is it excreted?

Most potent, given to help with opioid addiction,prodrug and life saving antagonist?

Two types of anaesthetics?

MAC stands for?

Entonox? Side effects?

First halogenated ethers in Uk?
Potential side effects of modern fluranes?

malignant Hyperthermia is caused by a problem with what receptor?

What do you give to stop malignant hyperthermia?

What drug can you not give to people with a peanut/soya allergy?

Thiopental suppresses what production?
Used to treat what?

What do you give to people with Status asthmaticus?

Side effects of Ketamine

Two types of NMJ blockers?

Which cranial nerves do not synapse in the brainstem?

Edinger Westschal nuclei for which cranial nerve?

Functions of the cranial nerves?

Optic and Vestibulocochlear

Three symptoms of damage to the CR8

The olfactory nerve is unique cause?

GSE motor nerves?

Ptosis/lateral strabismus is damage to what nerve?

Hypoglossal nerve palsy deviates to side?

4 nerves that are involved in both sensory and motor?
For trigeminal which lesion causes damage to jaw?

Special about the forehead muscles?
What causes bells palsy?

What part of the cranial innervates the SCM/traps and what does the other part do?

Bilateral corticonuclear connections present in all cranial nuclei except?

Motor neuron location in ventral horns of ventral and dorsal?

3 sources of input of the motor a neuron?
Difference between A & Y fibres
Motor unit?
Muscle length determined by what?

Monosynaptic reflex maintains what?
Exaggerated reflex indicates?
Gamma motor neurones do what to the spindles?

Golgi tendon does what?
Helps protect what?

Flexor reflex receives stimulus from what types of fibres?
Maintenance of balance is done how?
If your left arm flexes your right arm will?

Convergence is what, causes three things?

Basal nuclei function?

Rubrospinal synapse?

Describe the pathway that the basal ganglia are involved

Striatum is,separated by what?
Lentiform nucleus?
Output regions of basal nuclei?
What is NA involved in and what carries dopamine from substantia nigra?

Which pathway allows movement?

Describe basal ganglia pathway?

Indirect pathway?

Parkinsons disease causes and symptoms?

Hungtingtons disease?

Damage to subthalamic nucleus causes?

Commonest causes of ballism?

Motor areas can produce movements how?

Primary motor cortex neurones fire before or at the same time as movement?

Describe the location of the SMA?
Pre-SMA differs from SMA proper how?

Which pathway lateral or medial controls proximal and distal muscles?

Lateral pathways/medial pathways?

Percentage of corticospinal neurones that decussate? and where?
Lateral innervates what?

Corticobulbar fibres involved in cranial nerve functions, what nuclei do not receive bilateral innervation from cortex?

When does rubrospinal tract decussate?What does it innervate?

Motor that innervate flexors are dorsal or anterior to those that innervate extensors?

Head orientation is received from tract?
Innervation to muscles?

Where does tectospinal tract originate?
Function?

Which tract is involved with muscle tone?
Ipislateral or contralateral?

Consequences of upper motor injury?

Barbinski sign is normal in infants because?

Most prominent sign of impairment to the corticospinal tract?

In a LML what affect on spasicity and reflexes?

Difference between decorticate and decerebrate postures?

Two things you get with LML that you don't get with UML?

Left and right hemisphere joined by what?
Anterior and posterior lobe separated by what?

4 inputs into the cerebellum?
Types of input fibres?

Number of outputs of cerebellum to the spinal cord?
Flocculo-nodular lobe?

Hereditary disease associated with the cerebellum?

Clinical signs of cerebellar damage?