1) The Eclectic Approach…
a) Is rarely followed in any of the action-orientated therapies.
b) Too often emphasizes having "one right answer" to treatment.
c) Is very deterministic in its approach to human nature.
d) Utilizes approaches and techniques drawn from several sources
2) Sigmund Freud was the founder of the
a) Psychoanalytic approach
b) Processes approach.
c) Behavioral approach.
d) Growth psychology approach.
3) Psychoanalytic theorists explain developmental change in terms of ___________.
a) Assimilation and accommodation of external stimuli.
b) Relationship between the individual and his or her environment.
c) Manipulation of environmental influences to reward or punish.
d) The influence of internal drives and emotions on behavior.
4) Several theories of human psychology have been discussed in this course. Which of the following WAS NOT part of this course?
a) The psychoanalytic approach.
b) The systems approach
c) The behavioristic approach.
d) The growth psychology approach.
5) The primitive (oldest) part of personality is
a) The id.
b) The ego.
c) The superego.
d) The alter ego.
6) According to Freud’s model of personality, which of the following would be most consistent with the actions of the ID?
a) Resisting your desire to have a hot-fudge sundae.
b) Watching a movie with a close friend.
c) Stealing food to eat when you are hungry
d) Learning from your mistakes.
7) Behavioral theory is grounded in
a) The psychodynamic aspects of an individual.
b) The principles of learning.
c) A philosophical view of the human condition.
d) The developmental stages people pass through.
8) John Watson investigated behavioural changes caused by environmental influences by studying:
a) Age norms.
b) Little Albert.
c) 10-year-old boys’ academic success in rural Ontario.
d) Universal changes in academic achievement.
9) The belief in one’s own capacity to cause an intended event to occur or to perform a task is known as:
a) Reinforcement.
b) Modeling.
c) Reciprocal Determination.
d) Self-Efficacy.
10) According to psychoanalysis, defense mechanisms are used to protect which personality division?
a) Id.
b) Ego.
c) Superego.
d) Pleasure principle.
11) Freud's contribution to psychology theory includes:
a) The notion of classical conditioning and its relation to the formation of phobias.
b) The belief that certain problems could be caused by experiences that cannot be remembered.
c) The notion that one’s environment can cause changes in behavior that affect personality development.
d) The idea that early childhood experiences have little effect on behavior and emotions.
12) What was one of Sigmund Freud’s main ideas
a) That all our actions are shaped by living in a social environment.
b) That human behavior is shaped by our connection to our ancestors.
c) That underlying unconscious instincts and desires motivate behavior.
d) That personality changes as we age through stages.
13) As a practicing recreational therapist you find it difficult to deal with a client. This client reminds you of a professor in college with whom you had difficulties. This situation is an example of
a) Transference.
b) Countertransference.
c) Sublimation.
d) Repression.
14) Of the following, which is true in behavioral therapy?
a) Insight is a necessary element in behavior change.
b) Therapy should focus on behavior change and not attitude change.
c) The client should determine treatment goals.
d) A good working relationship between the client and therapist is critical to bringing about behavioral change.
15) Individuals associated with classical conditioning are
a) Pavlov and Thorndike.
b) Pavlov and Adler.
c) Thorndike and Skinner.
d) Erickson and Skinner.
16) Which one of the following is NOT a key concept in behavioral therapy?
a) Behavior is learned through positive reinforcement.
b) Present behavior is stressed more than past behavior.
c) Emphasis is on action and experimenting with new behaviors.
d) Emphasis is on the role of insight in treatment.
17) The process by which reinforcers are differentially applied to responses made toward approximating a desired behavior
a) Extinction.
c) Chaining.
d) Shaping.
18) The founder of Person-Centered Therapy (PCT) was
a) J. B. Watson.
b) Rollo May.
c) Carl Rogers.
d) B. F. Skinner.
19) Congruence refers to the therapist's
a) Genuineness.
b) Empathy for clients.
c) Judgmental attitude.
d) Positive regard.
20) “Empathic understanding” refers to the therapist's ability to…
a) Accurately diagnose the client's central problem.
b) Objectively understand the dynamics of a client.
c) Like and care about the client.
d) Sense the inner world of the client's subjective experience
21) Gestalt therapy encourages clients to
a) Experience feelings intensely.
b) Stay in the here and now.
c) Pay attention to their own nonverbal massages.
d) All of the above.
22) RET (Rational Emotive Therapy) is based on the assumption that human beings are
a) Innately striving for self-actualization through their interactions with others.
b) Determined strictly by environmental conditions.
c) Determined by strong unconscious sexual and aggressive drives.
d) Potentially able to think rationally.
23) Cognitive-behavioral therapy was first used by beck with clients with
a) Major depression.
b) Compulsive behaviors.
c) Physical disabilities.
d) Individual’s lacking leisure skills.
24) Helping clients become aware of the interrelation of thought, feelings, and behaviors, is the primary goal of which group of therapists:
a) Cognitive-behavioral therapists.
b) Psychoanalytic therapists.
c) Behavior therapists.
d) Feminist therapists.
25) Which of the following theories assumes that if the therapist provides a stabilizing presence for the client, the client will eventually be able to be self-directed and achieve self-actualization?
a) Cognitive-behavioral psychology.
b) Growth psychology.
c) Behavioral psychology.
d) Psychoanalytic psychology.
26) Which of the following therapies considers (a) activating events, (b) beliefs, and (c) consequences of beliefs?
a) Psychoanalytic therapy.
b) Play therapy.
c) Behavioral therapy.
d) Rational-emotive therapy
27) The ego state that works with facts and external reality is
a) The parent.
b) The adult.
c) The child.
d) The grandparent.
28) Transactional analysis (TA) tends to stress
a) Cognitive factors.
b) Getting in touch with feelings.
c) Aggression control.
d) Dealing with our primitive drives.
29) Positive psychology has been championed by
a) Martin Seligman.
b) Johannes Schultz.
c) Arnold Lazarus.
d) John Watson.
30) The emphasis of positive psychology is very much on
a) The development of human strengths and potentials.
b) Making the subconscious conscious.
c) Understanding transactions.
d) The cathartic notion.
31) Positive psychology builds on
a) Psychoanalytic traditions.
b) Behavioral traditions.
c) Humanistic traditions.
d) Psychodrama traditions.
32) What psychologist is credited as the founder of behaviorism, who stated that “all behavior is learned”?
a) John Watson.
b) Sigmund Freud.
c) Abraham Maslow.
d) Carl Rogers.
33) What does the term “reality principle functioning” refer to?
a) The realistic integration of the id’s urges by arriving at a compromise that will meet the requirements of society.
b) Using visualizations to imagine more successful ways to deal with challenges.
c) Challenging the client to take a realistic examination at their life experience.
d) Giving into the urges of the id at the expense of societal norms.
34) Which psychologist is known for “ages and stages” and “cradle to the grave” ideas?
a) Rollo May.
b) Erik Erikson.
c) Viktor Frankl.
d) Carl Jung.
35) What does the defense mechanism of displacement refer to?
a) When emotions are transferred from the original person to a safer “target.”
b) If someone is aggressive back to someone who was aggressive towards them.
c) Transforming socially unacceptable desires into a socially acceptable activities.
d) The individual is unable to concentrate on their current task do to intense stress.
36) Of the following psychological terms, which was created by Sigmund Freud?
b) Unconscious.
c) Collective unconscious.
d) Psychosocial.
37) _______ __________ are strategies suggested by Sigmund Freud for reducing anxiety, such as repression, denial or projection.
a) Psychosexual stages.
b) Ego fixations.
c) Defence mechanisms
d) Psychosocial stages.
38) A clinician utilizing Freud’s theories in therapy would:
a) Ask clients how they felt about their parents.
b) Assist client to forget bad experiences they had as children.
c) Encourage clients to express their sexuality.
d) Assist clients to remember traumatic experiences in order to learn how to cope with them.
39) When Sheila received a bad grade on her Therapeutic Rec Exam, she shrugged and said, “I don’t really care… This course isn’t important to me.” This is an example of the defence mechanisms know as___________.
a) Rationalization
b) Projection.
c) Displacement.
d) Denial.
40) When Robert is told by his girlfriend that she does not want to be involved with him anymore states, “Oh yes you do, you are just tired today,” he is showing an example of Freud’s defence mechanism called:
a) Intellectualization.
b) Denial
d) Regression.
41) A central feature of psychoanalytic theories is __________.
a) The attachment of a new response to an old stimulus.
b) Physical growth and development.
c) The importance of a child’s early interactions and relationships.
d) Viewing behavior as shaped by rewards and punishments.
42) The major weakness of psychoanalytic theories is that__________.
a) They contribute more to our understanding of how learning occurs than to our knowledge of human development.
b) Few scientists have accepted or acknowledged their key principles.
c) Such theories do not explain social, emotional, or personality development.
d) It has been very difficult to test their key concepts.
43) Getting your child to eat their vegetables, by promising dessert as a reward for doing it is an example of what psychological idea
a) Learned behavior.
b) Premack principle.
44) Which psychologist, known as a cognitive-behavioral theorist, presented the A-B-C (activating events, beliefs, and consequences) model for understanding human thought?
a) Aaron Beck.
b) William Glasser.
c) Albert Ellis.
d) Rollo May.
45) Which psychological approach argues that a client needs to take responsibility to alter irresponsible behavior?
a) RET (Rational emotive theory).
b) Choice theory
c) Person-centered theory.
d) Behaviorist theory.
46) If a teacher tells their students that in TR it is important to remember that “techniques are secondary to attitude” when being a helper, they are likely a supporter of which psychological tradition
a) Gestalt therapy.
b) Rational emotive therapy (RET).
c) Person-centered therapy.
d) Psychoanalytic therapy.
47) The role of Gestalt therapy is…
a) To restore the personality to wholeness.
b) Uncovering the inner child of the client to begin the therapeutic journey.
c) To challenge unhealthy thoughts and attitudes.
d) To develop a spiritual identity.
48) The idea that each human being is motivated to achieve full human potential is a key concept of _________ theories.
a) Learning theory.
b) Psychoanalytic theory.
c) Humanistic theory.
d) Life-course theory.
49) Why are humanistic theories important to our understanding of human development?
a) They combine psychoanalytic and learning theories.
b) They view each person as having potential.
c) They de-emphasize physical needs.
d) They only focus on the best in people.
50) Abraham Maslow used the term _______ to describe the ultimate goal of human life.
a) Physiological needs.
b) Esteem needs.
c) Deficiency motives.
d) Self-actualization.
51) Theories that say that human development results from an accumulation of experiences are known as:
a) Cognitive theories.
b) Learning theories.
c) Psychoanalytic theories.
d) Evolutionary theories.
52) Learning that results from the association of stimuli is called:
a) Social-conditioning.
b) Observational learning.
c) Operant conditioning.
d) Classical conditioning.
53) Classical Conditioning was rooted in the ideas and research conducted by:
a) B.F. Skinner.
b) Abraham Maslow.
c) Ivan Pavlov.
d) Jean Piaget.
54) Salivation occurs naturally when you put food in your mouth. In classical conditioning the food is the _________, and salivating is _________.
a) Unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response.
b) Conditioned stimulus; unconditioned response.
c) Unconditioned stimulus; conditioned response.
d) Conditioned stimulus; conditioned response.
55) Learning to repeat or stop behaviors because of their consequences refers to:
a) Observational learning.
b) Punishment.
56) Which of the following is an aspect of operant conditioning that would make a behavior more likely to occur again?
b) Negative reinforcement.
c) Positive punishment.
d) Intrinsic reinforcement.
57) If you play slot machine or buy lottery tickets, your behavior is based upon a pattern of ________.
b) Partial reinforcement.
c) Positive reinforcement
d) Intrinsic Motivation.
58) Which of the following is NOT a part of Carl Roger’s triad of therapeutic elements?
a) Congruence.
b) Unconditional positive regard.
c) Improved assertiveness.
d) Empathic understanding.
59) What was one of Sigmund Freud’s main ideas
c) That underlying unconscious instincts motivate behavior.
d) That personality changes as we age.
60) The three pillars of Positive Psychology are
a) The id, ego, and superego.
b) The child, parent, and adult.
c) Functional interventions, leisure education, and recreation.
d) Positive emotions, positive traits, and positive institutions.
61) Positive Psychology views people as
a) Self-serving and asocial.
b) Just taking care of their own needs in egotistical ways.
c) Being social and moral individuals.
d) Reacting to positive reinforcers.
62) Which of the following professionals are licensed to prescribe medication?
a) psychiatrists
b) psychologists with a Ph.D. degree
c) social workers who have received specialized training
d) any counselling professional with at least a Master’s degree
63) Social justice commitment implies that counsellors
a) work with law enforcement officials to combat crime
b) treat all clients the same
c) respect individual difference
d) use advocacy to promote human rights and income redistribution
64) Ethics are
a) skills and techniques for working with clients
b) government legislation that regulates professionals
c) what one considers to be important
d) principles and rules of proper conduct
65) Professional ethics
a) outline the benefits of counselling
b) encourage dual relationships with clients
c) require the use of psychiatric diagnosis
d) enable counsellors to blend personal values with agency standards
e) none of the above
66) Which of the following represents a “dual relationship?”
a) co-signing a loan for a client
b) buying a car from a client
c) dating a client
d) social involvement with a client
e) all of the above
67) Absolute confidentiality means
a) counsellors can share information only with the police if there is an emergency
b) counsellors cannot share information with anyone
c) counsellors can share information only within the agency
d) counsellors can share information if they have permission from the court
e) counsellors must consult supervisors before sharing information
68) Relative confidentiality means
c) counsellors can share information with their clients family members
e) confidentiality cannot be guaranteed because of legal constraints
69) The Tarasoff case established
a) the “duty to warn” principle
b) that professionals must maintain absolute confidentiality
c) criteria for reporting child abuse and neglect
d) protection for counsellors who maintain relationship confidentiality
70) The principle that clients have a right to freedom of choice is known as
a) empowerment
b) self-determination
c) informed consent
d) advocacy
e) ethics
71) Values are concerned with:
a) rules governing confidentiality
b) the importance of choice
c) a reflection of what individuals consider important
d) the benefits of counseling
72) Which of the following best defines the term self-determination?
a) acknowledgment that clients have a right to make their own decision
b) respect for cultural and other diversity variables
c) recognition that every client is different
d) belief in the dignity of clients
73) Objectivity is
a) the capacity to understand without imposing bias or distortion
b) treating clients as objects
c) setting goals for counseling
d) allowing clients to disagree
e) imposing personal ideas
74) Non-maleficence means
a) honour the clients’ right to self-determination
b) gender equality
c) do no harm
d) the importance of everyone getting the same treatment
e) using advocacy to promote client rights
75) Regression involves
a) refusing to acknowledge the existence of feelings or problems
b) returning to behaviour from an earlier stage of one’s life
c) not thinking about stressful thoughts or feelings
d) shifting emotions from one person or object to another
e) developing excuses
76) Rationalization involves
a) intelligent thinking about problems
b) denial
c) objectivity
d) conscious use of skills
e) using excuses to protect self-image
77) Suppression involves
a) avoiding painful thoughts by not thinking about them
b) putting clients down
c) pushing clients to discuss painful feelings
d) confrontation
e) refusing to acknowledge the existence of problems
78) Which of the following might adversely affect counselling
a) need to be liked
b) lack of self-awareness
c) perfectionism
d) control needs
79) Counselling is defined by
a) the needs of the client
b) the mandate of the agency
c) the expertise of the counsellor
d) all of the above
80) Which of the following statements is true?
a) counsellors are versatile, but psychotherapists use only standardized techniques
b) there is no clear dividing line between the terms “counselling” and “psychotherapy” and they are often used interchangeably
c) counsellors pay attention to the social environment
d) psychotherapists prescribe medicine
e) psychotherapy requires a degree in medicine
81) A “one size fits all” approach to counselling
a) insures uniformity in the application of principles
b) recognizes the importance of equal treatment for all clients
c) respects diversity
d) prevents counsellors from tailoring their approach to meet the needs of individual clients.
82) The term “positive regard” is best defined as
a) being real and honest with clients
b) remaining optimistic
c) recognizing the inherent worth of people
d) paying attention to strengths
83) Counselling contracts can
a) address roles and responsibilities
b) define the work to be done
c) address the intended purpose of the counselling relationship
d) anticipate strategies for responding to events that may occur
84) According to Egan (an author cited in the textbook), immediacy is
a) a tool for examining and deepening counselling relationships
b) one of the core conditions of helping
c) a contract on the goals of the helping relationship
d) a specialized technique that should only be used by trained therapists
85) Empowering skills
a) help clients develop control and self-esteem
b) represents an abuse of the power relationship
c) helps counsellors manage the flow of the interview
d) require involuntary clients to accept counselling
e) are strictly prohibited by professional codes of ethics
86) Which of the following is an example of a directive?
a) It sounds like you are feeling sad
b) What do you expect to achieve from counselling?
c) How do you feel?
d) Tell me more
e) “Uh huh”
87) According to the text, which of the following is NOT a phase of counselling?
a) transition
b) beginning
c) ending
d) preliminary
e) action
88) One common objective of all phases of counselling is
a) negotiation of the counselling contract
b) establishing a working relationship
c) establishing open, honest and productive communication
d) evaluation
89) Pseudo-counselling is
a) the “illusion of work"
b) counselling based on Freudian principles
c) counselling performed by licensed professionals
d) counselling performed by unlicensed professionals
e) a counselling approach developed by Carl Rogers
90) Which of the following statements are true?
a) Counselling relationships are often the central reason for client change
b) There is little difference between a counselling relationship and good friendship
c) The counselling relationship is critical to success in counselling during the beginning phase, but is less important thereafter
d) Counsellor attitudes are less important than skill
91) Which of the following is considered a “core condition?”
a) unconditional positive regard
b) confrontation
c) active listening
d) self-disclosure
e) contracting
92) Genuineness refers to
a) the extent that clients are open and honest
b) whether client responses are concrete
c) the need to work from a recognized theory based model
d) a counsellor’s ability to think objectively
e) the extent that counsellor responses are real and authentic
93) The counselling contract
a) should be strictly adhered to in order to maintain focus and purpose
b) may change over the life of the relationship or even in a single session
c) is prepared by the counsellor
d) should remain relatively intact as counselling progresses
94) A counselling contract is best described as
a) an intake interview
b) a requirement of all codes of ethics to act responsibly
c) a negotiated agreement between clients and counsellors
d) short-term counselling
e) legal issues that influence the helping relationship
95) An anticipatory contract
a) measures client motivation
b) signals readiness to provide service
c) presents details on the services available at the agency
d) seeks agreement on how future events might addressed.
e) looks at how past experiences have impacted client expectations
96) Abraham Maslow is famous for developing
a) modern theories of counselling
b) procedures for working with resistant clients
c) human stages of growth and development
d) the hierarchy of needs
e) theories on the nature of counselling relationships
97) Immediacy involves
a) relationship work
b) focusing on problem solving
c) providing quick service in crisis situations
d) anticipatory contracting
98) A dependent relationship is
a) an sign that the client is overly reliant on the counsellor for decision making
b) a desirable outcome of effective counselling
c) part of the contract
d) inevitable in counselling
e) necessary for promoting client self-determination
99) Transference is a term first introduced by
a) Abraham Maslow
b) Socrates
c) Freud
d) John Watson
e) a Canadian social worker in 1950
100) Which of the following might signal transference or countertransference?
a) strong feelings of attraction
b) addiction
c) learned helplessness
d) presence of a mental disorder
101) Counter transference involves
a) strategies for dealing with transference
b) the tendency of counsellors to inappropriately shift feelings to clients
c) resistance to referral
d) intake bias
e) failure to utilize the strengths approach
102) Counsellor self-disclosure
a) is unprofessional and should be avoided
b) should be routine and consistent with each client
c) is appropriate only after a trusting relationship is achieved
d) is best confined to the action stage as a way to model expected outcomes
103) Self-disclosure should
a) shift the focus from the client to the counsellor
b) only meet the needs of the client
c) meet both client and counsellor needs
d) be used routinely with all clients as a way to model genuineness
e) not require counsellors to reveal feelings
104) Which of the following is not a task of the ending phase?
a) dealing with feelings about the ending
b) review of the extent that goals have been reached
c) referral
d) relationship closure
e) all of the above are potential tasks of the ending phase
105) Listening requires
a) understanding from the perspective of the other person
b) hearing both verbal and nonverbal messages
c) responding with questions to get information, examples and detail
d) appropriate silence
106) Good listeners
a) predict what others might say
b) use skills such as summarizing and questions to insure they understand
c) make assumptions based on past experiences
d) remain silent
e) offer advice to help clients solve problems
107) Closed-minded listeners
a) are open to new perspectives
b) control their own assumptions
c) are unable to embrace new ideas
d) recognize that everyone’s frame of reference is different
108) Attending is best described as
a) encouraging clients to adhere to the work ethic
b) making appropriate use of silence
c) controlling the interviewing with questions and directives
d) the way counsellors communicate to clients that they are ready, willing, and able to listen
e) managed involvement
109) “Attended Silence” means
a) being physically present during the interview
b) using questions to understand the meaning of silence
c) controlling internal and external distraction during silent moments
d) keeping quiet
e) allowing silence to continue indefinitely
110) Which of the following represents a possible meaning of silence?
a) the client is thinking
b) the client is confused
c) there are relationship trust issues
d) nothing more to be said
111) Which of the following is an appropriate response to client silence?
a) allow the silence
b) ask the client what his/her silence means
c) use empathy to support feelings
d) “attended silence”
112) Proxemics describes
a) how people use space and distance
b) setting goal priorities
c) body language
d) cultural norms with respect to body language
e) how close agencies are situated relative to their clients
113) Metacommunication is best defined as
a) speech punctuated by metaphors
b) effective use of silence
c) the message that is heard beyond the words that are spoken
d) grandiose thinking
e) using a broad range of communication and counselling skills
114) Paraphrasing is best described as
a) restating the client’s statements from a different angle
b) repeating verbatim what has been said
c) pseudo-meaning
d) summarizing
e) use of jargon
115) Which of the following is an example of a paraphrase
a) can you describe it differently?
b) looking at things from a different angle, you seem to be saying
c) you’re feeling angry.
d) tell me more.
e) That’s not right.
116) Which of the following statements about content summaries is true?
a) they make judgments about relevance
b) they are risky and should be avoided
c) they focus only on feelings
d) they are useful for organizing ideas and data
e) they are edited for essential themes
117) Selective perception
a) is a sign that counsellors are not listening
b) enables counsellors to screen out verbal and nonverbal cues that are unimportant
c) helps counsellors to hear all of what has been said
d) is a mental disorder involving hallucinations
118) Closed questions
a) usually begin with “Who” “What” “Where” When” or “Why”
b) encourage clients to give detailed answers
c) can be answered with a yes or no
d) manipulate clients to give the correct answer
e) should not be used in counselling
119) Which of the following is an example of a closed question?
a) Are you going to look for work today?
b) Perhaps it’s time to end our session.
c) Why not?
d) What prompted you to act?
e) Where on earth did you get that idea?
120) As a rule, open questions
a) should be avoided in the early phases of the interview
b) are difficult to answer with a simple yes or no
c) provide freedom for clients to answer in the way they choose
d) are best utilized only after a trusting relationship is established
e) are best for obtaining specific information
121) Which of the following is an example of an open question?
a) Why?
b) How do you think you should respond?
c) When did you first notice the problem?
d) What is your name?
e) all of the above are open questions
122) Indirect questions
a) are statements that have the same effect as questions
b) are used to provide essential focus to the interview
c) establish counsellor control of the interview
d) should be avoided because they are confusing to clients
e) can be answered yes or no
123) Which of the following is an example of an indirect question?
a) My opinion is that you should tell him yourself.
b) Why don’t you deal with him instead of his wife?
c) Do you think it might be possible?
d) I’m curious about your ideas?
e) How often do you think you might get a chance like that?
124) Leading questions
a) manipulate clients
b) are used to promote the change process
c) communicate to clients that we are following their directions
d) promote client self-determination
e) are essential for focusing the interview
125) Which of the following is an example of a leading question?
a) Don’t you think you should tell her? (
b) What do you think you should do?
d) Why don’t you tell me what your preference is?
e) Go on, tell me more.
126) The cognitive domain is concerned with
a) thinking
b) behaviour
c) feelings
d) where clients live
e) thinking, feelings, and behavior
127) The question, “What are you thinking?” is an example of
a) an embedded question targeting the cognitive domain
b) an open question targeting the affective domain.
c) an open question targeting the cognitive domain
d) an open question targeting the behavioural domain
128) To manage a rambling interview, the best strategy for a counsellor is to
a) ask more closed questions
b) use open questions to give clients a chance to tell their stories
c) extend the interview time frame
d) be flexible to allow the client to stay in control
e) share their anger with the client
129) According to Shulman, the illusion of work happens when
a) counsellors do not fulfill their commitments
b) conversations are empty and meaningless
c) counsellors operate outside of their range of competence
d) clients lie about the progress they are making
130) Which of the following is an example of a directive?
a) Tell me more
b) What do you mean?
c) Did you mean to say that you are finished with the relationship?
d) What are you going to do?
e) It sounds like you are feeling sad.
131) According to the text, which of the following is a type of interview transition?
a) unexpected
b) strategic
c) empathic
d) self-initiated
e) purposeful
