Define nociception

Give 4 examples of substances which cause pain signals

Where do first order neurons of the lateral spinothalamic pathway synapse?

Where do second order neurons of the lateral spinothalamic tract decussate?

How to voltage gated calcium channel blockers work?

How do cannaboid CB1 receptor agonists reduce pain?

How do non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs reduce pain?

Define Opiate

Define opioid

What subtype of G protein are most opioid receptor actions mediated through?

What does the 'a' subunit do when the Gi/o protein is activated?

What are the two main effects of BY subunit?

Summarise the 3 main effects of opioid receptors?

Which amino acid forms the main structural part of opioids?

Which opioid receptors does y-endorphin bind to?

met-enkephalin

Leu-enkephalin

dynorphin

Which subtype of receptor doesn't allow exogenous receptors to bond? What is the start of the endogenous peptide that does bond?

Which drug is a non-selective antagonist at all opioid receptor subtypes?

Which subtype of receptor is the most important target for analgesia?

What are the four main behavioural responses to u receptor activation?

What are the four main behavioural responses of k receptor activation?

What are the three main behavioural of delta receptor activation?

What other important side effects are caused by opioids? (4)

What are the three main general problems with opiods?

How are opioids most important pre and post synaptically?

Name two places in the CNS where injection of opioids reduces pain?

How does injecting into PAG reduces pain?

Explain in terms of GABAergic neurons and projection neurons how opioids cause disinhibition and how this causes analgesia.

How do opioids induce euphoria?

Which receptors are mainly responsible for analgesia, addiction/withdrawal to morphine?

What are the three main uses for opioids?

What are the four types of pain opioids treat?

What is Buprenorphine

What are the clinical uses of Buprenorphine? (high and low doses)
(3)