Cycle 2 - 2022

The desired colloid osmotic pressure can be thrown out of balance by:

a. Faulty production of albumins by the liver
b. Production of immunoglobulins during humoral immune response
c. Inflammatory vascular reaction
d. Increased hydrostatic blood pressure

The value of blood pH reflects:

a. The ratio of carbon dioxide to carbonic acid concentrations
b. The acid base status of the peripheral tissue
c. In the large part the effectiveness of ventilation and gas exchange in the lungs
d. Reflects exclusively the efficiency of metabolic mechanisms in maintaining the acid base
balance

Water in the human organism:

a. Moves almost freely between various spaces according to universal rules
b. Is located predominantly in the intracellular fluid waterspace
c. Requires energy to be appropriately distributed between various fluid spaces
d. Helps in ion transport

What Starling has described in his equation was:

a. Movement of water between the cell and the interstitial space
b. Water movement between the capillary blood vessel and the interstitial space in inflammation
c. A method to calculate the capillary blood pressure
d. Forces deciding about the water distribution across the capillary wall

Movement of particles across the semipermeable membrane depends on their:
a. Concentration on both sides of the membrane
b. Size in relation to membrane permeability
c. The electrical charge
d. Hydrostatic pressure

The desired movement of water and solutes in the organism between:
a. The water spaces can be related to the potassium concentration gradient
b. The intravascular fluid and interstitial fluid is described by Starlings law
c. The extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid depends on the activity of NAK ATPase
d. The water spaces usually does not require energy

Choose true about compensation mechanisms in acid base balance :
a. Compensation mechanism in respiratory acidosis may be retention of bicarbonates
b. Compensation mechanism in respiratory alkalosis may be excretion of fixed acids
c. In metabolic acidosis may be hyperventilation
d. In metabolic alkalosis cannot be excretion of bicarbonates

Typical features of necrosis include:
a. Loss of cell membrane integrity
b. Loss of lipids distribution asymmetry in cell membrane
c. Swelling of the organelles
d. Shrinking of the cell

inappropriate regulation of apoptosis may lead to development of:
a. disturbance of tolerance to self antigens
b. tissue degenerative processes
c. neoplastic diseases
d. disturbances in immunity to infections

choose true:
a. apoptosis is possible even when the cell is extremely damaged
b. apoptosis is developing slower than ususal if caspases are not activated
c. apoptosis can be prevented by the reduced expression of BCL2 gene
d. apoptosis can be initiated by deprivation of physiological stimuli

malfunction of the p53 related system may lead to:
a. atrophy of the tissue
b. inability to trigger apoptosis in damaged cells
c. increased proliferation rates in the affected cells
d. cancer development

apoptosis in the neoplastic cells:
a. in needed for the balanced, effective neoplastic growth
b. can not be reduced in order to allow for tumor development
c. can be diminished by overexpression of BAX genes
d. if difficult to trigger can be substituted by cytotoxic action by TC cells or NK cells

the development of metastatic tumors depends strongly on:
a. the ability to induce new blood vessel growth
b. adjusting to the adhesion properties of neoplastic cells to the new tissue
c. effective penetration through the tissue base membranes and blood vessel walls
d. the ability to develop immortalization of neoplastic cells

the frequency of fully grown neoplasms development in human:
a. is limited by the small number of cells attempting the neoplastic transformation in the lifetime
b. is increased due to activity of the immune system immune surveillance
c. is kept down by the need of large number of cells undergoing the same neoplastic transformation at the same time
d. is decreased by the high probability of developing lethal mutations in transforming cells

the neoplasm will grow effectively provided that several events including the following will happen in the cell:

a. p53 or some of its related genes are damaged
b. the telomerase will effectively elongate the telomers
c. the BCL2 or its related proteins are excessively expressed
d. the expression of the MHC II will decrease markedly on the cell surface

neoplastic cells can be recognized and destroyed by lymphocytes thanks to:
a. presence of inappropriate proteins encoded by mutated proto- oncogenes
b. presence of antigens encoded by genes from oncogenic virus
c. expression of proteins typically found in other cell types including embryonic cells
d. insufficient expression of MHC molecules on tumor cells

typically following sequences of neoplastic events seem to be probable in effectively developing tumors:

a. damage to DNA repair mechanism=> increased proliferation potential=> decreased expression of telomerase

b. increased proliferation potential=> telomers resynthesis=> damage to DNA repair mechanism

c. damage to DNA repair mechanism=> increased lethal mutation rate

d. damage to DNA repair mechanism=> increased proliferation potential=> increased
mutation rate

cell sorting with flow cytometry:
a. is a method which enables accurate and quick separation of desired type of cells out of mixed population of them
b. obtaining living cells which can be cultured or even used for transplantation purposes
c. enriching the frequency of very unique population of cells out of the mixed sample
d. separation of cells from uniform cellular population

property of fluorescence:
a. helps to register the emitted light by the dye without mixing in of the background light
b. is based on the light emission by the dye
c. allows for searching of markers on cells in very small quantities
d. typically is not used in automated hematological analyzers for blood cell count

flow cytometric analysis is normally used:
a. to assess the number of granules per cell
b. compare the size of the analyzed cells
c. describe the shape of the cells
d. statistically evaluate the heterogenous population of cells

the fluorophores are used in flow cytometry because:
a. they allow for the visualization of small cellular structures
b. they do not require full spectrum light to be excited
c. of their ability to emit light of different color of the excitation light
d. they are relatively inexpensive

compensation in flow cytometry:
a. allows for the large number of fluorescent channels to be used
b. can make the signal received by the detector appear dimmer
c. can be less extensive when more lasers are used
d. may negatively influence the value of the test when excessively used

in flow cytometers
a. there is a separate detector for each fluorescent channel
b. two additional detectors serve to assess the FSC and SSC parameters
c. laser light hits the cell flowing in the stream formed by the sheath fluid
d. set of filters help to reduce the strength of light emitted by fluorochromes before it hits the detectors

FAS receptor
a. Is also known as FADD
b. Is triggered by TNF
c. Is never expressed on NK or CTL cells
d. Is capable of inducing apoptosis in cells shortly after proliferation