Brittany Hinds
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Sociology health and illness midterm 2 study guide

Question 1 of 80

1

Canadian studies from the 1980s reveal that unemployed people are more likely to ________.

Select one of the following:

  • be hospitalized

  • report low psychological distress

  • sustain workplace injuries

  • all of these

Explanation

Question 2 of 80

1

In Canada by 2008, the prevalence of measured obesity had reached ________ of the adult population.

Select one of the following:

  • 15%

  • 25%

  • 40%

  • 50%

Explanation

Question 3 of 80

1

In 1848, Dr Rudolf Virchow, founder of modern cellular pathology, suggested that an outbreak of typhus in Prussia (now Poland) was the result of ________.

Select one of the following:

  • lice carrying bacteria

  • misdiagnosis

  • prescription drug use

  • problems in the physical and social environment

Explanation

Question 4 of 80

1

Researchers examining the determinants of health ________.

Select one of the following:

  • use of a variety of systems to classify the determinants of health

  • make important distinctions between upstream and downstream determinants

  • emphasize that more attention should be placed on examining distal factors as determinants of health

  • All of these

Explanation

Question 5 of 80

1

One of the implications of strong social support is ________.

Select one of the following:

  • obesity

  • increased isolation

  • reduced mortality

  • increased substance abuse

Explanation

Question 6 of 80

1

The story of Jason's health from a report on the health of Canadians by the Public Health Agency of Canada (1999) reveals that ________.

Select one of the following:

  • overanalyzing an individual's health is harmful

  • causal explanations for health status are usually easily identified

  • social context is not relevant to individual behavior

  • various social determinants of health have a greater influence upon health than traditional behavioural risk factors

Explanation

Question 7 of 80

1

Heredity makes us susceptible to disease, but ________ and ________ factors influence its onset.

Select one of the following:

  • social, emotional

  • initial, concluding

  • environmental, lifestyle

  • smoking, drinking

Explanation

Question 8 of 80

1

Structural determinants of health include ________.

Select one of the following:

  • genetic makeup

  • living and working conditions

  • personal health practices

  • personal beliefs

Explanation

Question 9 of 80

1

It is estimated that ________ of increased longevity since 1900 is the result of improved health care.

Select one of the following:

  • 70-80%

  • 0-5%

  • 10-15%

  • 40-50%

Explanation

Question 10 of 80

1

According to Raphael, ________ are an example of a horizontal structure.

Select one of the following:

  • workplace conditions

  • social policies

  • political policies

  • economic policies

Explanation

Question 11 of 80

1

In 2011, census data showed that for the first time there were more Canadians between the ages of 55 and 64 than those aged 15 to 24.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 12 of 80

1

In the coming years, population aging in Canada will decelerate.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 13 of 80

1

Three-quarters of drinking water systems in First Nations communities pose significant risks to the health of on-reserve Aboriginal peoples.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 14 of 80

1

Research by Blaxter suggests that individual lifestyle practices may play a more important part in shaping the health of people with high socioeconomic status

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 15 of 80

1

Traditional health promotion that encourages individual Canadians to change their behavioural practices to improve health has been very successful in Canada.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 16 of 80

1

The urban health penalty refers to research that argues that those who live in rural areas have worse health than those who live in urban centres.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 17 of 80

1

Social determinants of health include both structural and personal factors.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 18 of 80

1

Horizontal structures are more immediate factors that shape health and well-being, such as quality of housing.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 19 of 80

1

Instrumental support is given when a social relationship provides a vital source of information about health-related matters.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 20 of 80

1

There is conclusive support for the urban health penalty in the literature.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 21 of 80

1

The decline in occupational prestige associated with a decline in perceived health status particularly affects female (as compared to male) labour force participants.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 22 of 80

1

There has been a substantial increase in income inequality in Canada since the 1980s.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 23 of 80

1

Those with limited access to social and economic resources are least likely to continue to participate in the labour market when they experience health problems.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 24 of 80

1

Social-class differences in mortality persist over time even though the major causes of death change.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 25 of 80

1

People who are retired generally report better health than people in the labour force.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 26 of 80

1

In the Whitehall studies of civil servants, the social gradient in health outcomes could be explained by lifestyle behaviours.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 27 of 80

1

Cultural behavioural explanations are the most common explanation guiding research on the social gradient in health in Canada.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 28 of 80

1

There have been very few Canadian studies examining the relationship between income and health outcomes.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 29 of 80

1

The social gradient in health is steepest in late adulthood.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 30 of 80

1

There are dramatic differences in life expectancy today, both between and within countries.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 31 of 80

1

In order to better understand the means by which income influences health, researchers need ________.

Select one of the following:

  • less qualitative and mixed-methods studies

  • more research funding available to new researchers

  • more interdisciplinary work on the pathways involved in the income–health relationship

  • more free time to pursue leisure activities that encourage creative thinking

Explanation

Question 32 of 80

1

Income adequacy is defined as ________.

Select one of the following:

  • having sufficient income to meet family needs

  • having an income 30 percent above the poverty line

  • having two months' worth of savings in the bank

  • having enough resources to cover health-care costs only

Explanation

Question 33 of 80

1

The _________ explanation approach argues that people with lower socioeconomic status are exposed to a more harmful environment and have less access to health care and health promotion.

Select one of the following:

  • cultural behavioural

  • psychosocial

  • environmental surrounding

  • materialist

Explanation

Question 34 of 80

1

To understand the fundamental causes of disparities in health, one needs to focus on ________.

Select one of the following:

  • socioeconomic position

  • gender

  • race and ethnicity

  • all of these

Explanation

Question 35 of 80

1

Among older adults, low health literacy is associated with ________.

Select one of the following:

  • poor self-care of chronic diseases

  • excessive use of emergency services

  • increased risk of mortality

  • all of these

Explanation

Question 36 of 80

1

The worst type of job you can have for your health is a job characterized as ________.

Select one of the following:

  • high demands and high control

  • high demands and low control

  • low demands and low control

  • low demands and high control

Explanation

Question 37 of 80

1

In the United States, there is a gap in life expectancy of approximately ________ year(s) between the least advantaged and most advantaged members of society.

Select one of the following:

  • 1

  • 5

  • 10

  • 20

Explanation

Question 38 of 80

1

The operational skills, linguistic styles, values and norms that one accrues through education and lifelong socialization are referred to as ________.

Select one of the following:

  • social capital

  • cultural capital

  • social gradient

  • social status

Explanation

Question 39 of 80

1

Canadian studies examining data on social gradients in health conclude that ________.

Select one of the following:

  • the social gradient in mortality is steeper for men than for women

  • the social gradient in mortality is steeper for women than for men

  • there is no gender difference in the social gradient

  • there is no evidence of a social gradient in mortality in Canada

Explanation

Question 40 of 80

1

The differential vulnerability hypothesis argues that ________.

Select one of the following:

  • younger people are more vulnerable to disease than older adults

  • a woman's health is more vulnerable to environmental factors than a man's

  • people with lower socioeconomic status have poor coping skills

  • people with no social network are more able to make independent health decisions

Explanation

Question 41 of 80

1

Men are more likely than women to die following a heart attack or stroke.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 42 of 80

1

Both sex and gender should be measured as non-binary variables.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 43 of 80

1

Females' lung cancer rates are increasing, while males' lung cancer rates are either remaining stable or decreasing.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 44 of 80

1

Women between the ages of 20 and 44 are far more likely to be hospitalized than men, even when maternity care is excluded.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 45 of 80

1

In Canada, men die approximately four years earlier than women.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 46 of 80

1

Since 2009, Health Canada has mandated that researchers include sex and gender–based analysis in their research.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 47 of 80

1

Estrogen increases low density lipoprotein and thus increases women's chances of heart disease.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 48 of 80

1

There is a much greater expectation for men to present themselves for medical care than there is for women.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 49 of 80

1

The feminist paradigm argues that women's bodies and women's lives have been the target of medicalization.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 50 of 80

1

Lung cancer has now surpassed breast cancer in terms of premature death among Canadian women.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 51 of 80

1

Women are more likely than men to ________.

Select one of the following:

  • be employed full time

  • take on caregiving roles

  • exercise a high level of control in their jobs

  • be highly valued in society

Explanation

Question 52 of 80

1

The role accumulation hypothesis ________.

Select one of the following:

  • emphasizes the harmful effects of women's roles

  • suggests women are more willing to adopt the sick role because of socialization

  • suggests men are socialized to take risks, while women are socialized to be more cautious and concerned about taking care of their health

  • suggests that more roles result in better health

Explanation

Question 53 of 80

1

The pronounced differences between women and men in the area of health and illness can be attributed to ________.

Select one of the following:

  • differences in socioeconomic status

  • biology

  • lifestyle factors

  • It is not yet fully understood why such pronounced differences exist.

Explanation

Question 54 of 80

1

According to the sex- and gender-based analysis (SGBA), variations in health consequences are produced by ________ that intersects with gender.

Select one of the following:

  • socioeconomic position

  • race and ethnicity

  • sexual orientation

  • all of these

Explanation

Question 55 of 80

1

Hegemonic masculinity is a cultural ideal that embodies men as ________.

Select one of the following:

  • cooperative

  • uneducated

  • heterosexual

  • members of visible minorities

Explanation

Question 56 of 80

1

Following a cardiovascular event such as a heart attack or stroke, men (as compared to women) are ________.

Select one of the following:

  • less likely to die

  • less likely to undergo cardiac catheterization

  • less likely to be transferred to a different healthcare facility

  • all of these

Explanation

Question 57 of 80

1

The care provided by women has been ________.

Select one of the following:

  • largely invisible and unpaid

  • mainly in formal healthcare settings

  • only a small portion of the healthcare system

  • becoming less important over time

Explanation

Question 58 of 80

1

Women's health-adjusted life expectancy is approximately ________ years.

Select one of the following:

  • 70

  • 40

  • 80

  • 50

Explanation

Question 59 of 80

1

Men are far more likely than women to die of ________.

Select one of the following:

  • cerebrovascular disease

  • heart disease

  • disease of the central nervous system

  • suicide

Explanation

Question 60 of 80

1

Structural determinants of health include ________.

Select one of the following:

  • smoking behaviour

  • level of physical activity

  • family structure

  • diet

Explanation

Question 61 of 80

1

A deterioration in the health of immigrants over time was not confirmed in the Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 62 of 80

1

Type 2 diabetes was a problem for Aboriginal communities at the time Canada was colonized.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 63 of 80

1

There are no notable ethnic differences in health behaviour.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 64 of 80

1

In the National Population Health Survey, year of arrival has been found to be an important predictor of immigrant health status.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 65 of 80

1

The commonly used measures of ethnicity in population health research are ancestry and ethnic identity.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 66 of 80

1

The relationship between health and ethnicity has received more research attention than the link between health disparities and other sources of inequality.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 67 of 80

1

Immigrants arriving from countries that are predominately English-speaking and culturally similar to Canada still have patterns of chronic disease that are far different that than of Canadian born.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 68 of 80

1

Approximately one-quarter of First Nations adults aged 25–64 living on reserve have an annual income of less than $5,000.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 69 of 80

1

A number of Canadian studies have found that Asian immigrant women are less likely than other Canadians to use preventive health services such as screening for breast and cervical cancer.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 70 of 80

1

People who have immigrated to Canada within the last 10 years have worse self-rated health status than native-born Canadians.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 71 of 80

1

According to the 2011 National Household Survey, there were over ________ ethnic origins reported by the total population in Canada.

Select one of the following:

  • 1,000

  • 26

  • 640

  • 200

Explanation

Question 72 of 80

1

Cultural safety, an approach to intercultural care that relies on the mutual accommodation of both patients and providers, is a concept that has been endorsed by ________.

Select one of the following:

  • the Canadian Medical Association (CMA)

  • the Canadian Nurses Association (CAN)

  • the Canadian Association of Schools of Nursing

  • all of these

Explanation

Question 73 of 80

1

According to the 2011 National Household Survey, immigrants make up ________ of the Canadian population.

Select one of the following:

  • over half

  • just under one-quarter

  • less than one-tenth

  • almost three-quarters

Explanation

Question 74 of 80

1

Culture tends to determine ________.

Select one of the following:

  • whether a person is sensitive to feelings of discomfort

  • how symptoms are perceived and evaluated

  • whether or not the individual decides to seek medical care

  • all of these

Explanation

Question 75 of 80

1

The health benefits of living in neighbourhoods with a high concentration of others from one's own ethnic group is referred to as ________.

Select one of the following:

  • the Chinatown effect

  • the ethnic density effect

  • social exclusion

  • none of these

Explanation

Question 76 of 80

1

Aboriginal peoples are 14 times more likely than non-Aboriginals to________.

Select one of the following:

  • have sickle cell anemia

  • live in a home requiring major repair

  • avoid the use of formal health-care services

  • reach the age of 88

Explanation

Question 77 of 80

1

The leading causes of death among Aboriginal infants are ________.

Select one of the following:

  • diabetes, malnutrition, and heart disease

  • respiratory ailments, infectious diseases, and accidents

  • homicide, neglect, cancer

  • sudden infant death syndrome, diabetes, and heart disease

Explanation

Question 78 of 80

1

The highest rates of depression in Canada are reported by ________.

Select one of the following:

  • Blacks

  • South Asians

  • Aboriginals

  • East Asains

Explanation

Question 79 of 80

1

In 2006, Aboriginals accounted for ________ of new HIV infections in Canada.

Select one of the following:

  • 5.5%

  • 12.5%

  • 25.5%

  • 50.5%

Explanation

Question 80 of 80

1

An ethnic group is ________.

Select one of the following:

  • irrelevant to the study of health and illness

  • a shared set of ideas and beliefs

  • a socially based group that exists within a cultural framework

  • only used to define those who have immigrated to Canada within the past four years

Explanation

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