Blood vessels of a kidney that divide into the capillary network called a glomerulus; there is one for each glomerulus.

Removal of waste and water from blood by the kidneys to make urine

Osmosis of water down it's concentration gradient as a result of movement of Na+. Water follows sodium.

A triangular region at the base of the urinary bladder

A mineralocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex that promotes sodium and water reabsorption by the kidneys and potassium excretion in urine.

A double-walled epithelial cup at the proximal end of a nephron that encloses the glomerular capillaries.

The functional parts of any organ, as opposed to tissue that forms its stroma or framework.

A minute tube

Hormone produced by neurosecretory cells in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus that stimulates water reabsorption from kidney tubule cells into the blood and vasoconstriction of arterioles. Also called vasopressin

The volume of fluid filtered from the renal (kidney) glomerular capillaries into the Bowman's capsule per unit of time.

Footlike structures, as on podocytes of a glomerulus

The process that moves solutes and water out of the filtrate and back into your bloodstream

Peptide hormone, produced by the atria of the heart in response to stretching, that inhibits aldosterone production and thus lowers blood pressure; causes natriuresis, increased urinary excretion of sodium.

A rounded mass of nerves or blood vessels, especially the microscopic tuft of capillaries that is surrounded by the glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule of each kidney tubule

Cells in Bowman's capsule in the kidneys that wrap around capillaries of the glomerulus

The transfer of materials from peritubular capillaries to the renal tubular lumen

An intrarenal space located in the renal medulla that serves to collect and transport urine.

A depression or pit at the part of an organ where vessels and nerves enter.

Cell of the kidney collecting duct. One of the most highly regulated epithelial cell types in vertebrates. The effects of hormonal, autocrine, and paracrine factors to regulate _______ transport processes are central to the maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance in the face of wide variations in food and water intake.

The duct from the urinary bladder to the exterior of the body that conveys urine in females and urine and semen in males.

Part of the filtration system in the nephrons of the kidneys. A series of small tubes inside the kidneys that funnel urine into the renal pelvis for drainage into the ureter.

Kidney tubule epithelial cells with important roles in the regulation of acid-base homeostasis

The part of the kidney consisting of renal lobules in the outer zone beneath the capsule and the lobules of the renal columns that are extensions inward between the pyramids; contains the renal corpuscles, medullary rays, and proximal and distal convoluted tubules

Two tubes that connect the kidneys with the urinary bladder.

Smooth muscle that forms the wall of the urinary bladder.

Consists of the macula densa (cells of the distal convoluted tubule adjacent to the afferent and efferent arterioles) and juxtaglomerular cells (modified cells of the afferent and sometimes efferent arterioles); secretes renin when blood pressure starts to fall.

A glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule and its enclosed glomerulus.

An analysis of the volume and physical, chemical, and microscopic properties of urine

A vessel of the renal vascular system that carries blood from a glomerulus to a peritubular capillary.

Pair of reddish organs located in the lumbar region that regulate the composition, volume, and pressure of blood and produce urine.

The inner, darker portion of the kidney parenchyma consisting of the renal pyramids.

The fluid produced by the kidneys that contains wastes and excess materials; excreted from the body through the urethra.

The reabsorption of water in the kidneys that is under the hormonal control of ADH (anti diuretic hormone)

The amount of water reabsorbed is dependant on how much the body needs to reabsorb to maintain homeostasis and fluid balance.

The part of the renal tubule that receives fluid from the proximal convoluted tubule and transmits it to the distal convoluted tubule.

A cavity in the centre of the kidney formed by the expanded, proximal portion of the ureter, lying within the kidney, and into which the major calyces open.

A hollow, muscular organ situated in the pelvic cavity posterior to the pubic symphysis; receives urine via two ureters and stores urine until it is excreted through the urethra.

Holes. These occur in the capillaries to facilitate exchange of substances.

The act of expelling urine from the urinary bladder.

Triangular structures in the renal medulla containing the straight segments of renal tubules and the vasa recta.

The body system consisting of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.

The fluid produced when blood is filtered by the filtration membrane in the glomeruli of the kidneys.

The functional units of the kidney

External to the peritoneal lining of the abdominal cavity

Extensions of the efferent arteriole of a juxtamedullary nephron that run alongside the nephron loop in the medullary region of the kidney.

Glomerular filtration depends on three main pressures. One pressure promotes filtration and two pressures oppose filtration