How long does it take to see an adaptation from training? Anaerobically/aerobically?
Maximal oxygen consumption has been shown to increase with aerobic training. Improvements of around 5-20% can be achieved with 8-12 weeks of training (depending on the circumstances). Anaerobic training takes around 6-12 weeks to observe change.

An increase in VO2 max (Maximal oxygen consumption) from aerobic training, results in an increase to what?
Increases in cardiac output and haematocrit (ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood). The increase in the maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) is shown to be a result of a number of changes. Including an increase in oxygen delivering to the working muscles and an increase in ability of the muscles to extract the oxygen from the blood, that is, the a-vO2 diff. The increase in cardiac output is a result of an increase in heart rate and the stroke volume at maximal intensities; and the increase in a-vO2 diff is a result of changes within the muscle. Oxygen extraction also reaches maximum during high-intensity exercise.

Aerobic training and chronic adaptations to skeletal muscle
Aerobic training increases the ability of the skeletal muscles to oxidise glycogen during maximal and sub-maximal exercise. Also results in an increased oxidation of fats at rest.

Regular aerobic training may result in
Increased ratio of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) to low-density lipoproteins (LDL). The LDLs carry cholesterol to the arterial walls and empty/deposit it there as plaque, which damages the arteries and causes narrowing of the blood vessels, hindering blood flow. The HDLs aim to combat this by removing the plaque from the arterial walls and delivering to the liver, where it can be synthesised.

Define a-vO2 diff
The difference in oxygen concentration between the blood in the arteries compared to the blood in the veins; it is a measure of the amount of oxygen the working muscles are using. Aerobic training leads to an increase in the a-vO2 diff, thereby allowing the working muscles receive more oxygen.

Factors that affect the development of chronic adaptations to exercise
Type and method undertaken; aerobic versus anaerobic training and different training methods lead to different adaptations
The frequency, intensity and duration of training; the greater the frequency, intensity, and duration of the training, the greater the adaptations
The individual's capacities and heredity factors; genetic make-up such as VO2 max and fibre type distribution.

	Created by Connor Petalas almost 9 years ago

Slide Set on PE Chronic adaptations REVISION Q'S, created by Connor Petalas on 29/07/2015.