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Variety of life, including variation among genes, species and functional traits
process that produces adaptations resulting from differential reproductive success among organisms in the same population
Characteristics that suit organism to their environment
Number of viable offspring produced during an organism's lifetime
Reproductive success of an organism relative to others in the same population
What are the conditions necessary for natural selection?
What are the three modes of natural selection
Industrial Melanism in peppered moths
Severe drought caused a drop in population and only large seeds were available and cracked by birds with large beaks. what kind of selection was this?
Give an example of a frequency dependent experiment
Phenotypic variation during an individuals lifetime caused by environmental variation
Test for phenotypic plasticity by Losos
Increases the frequency of genes from individuals with the highest fitness at expense of others
increases the fitness of other individuals at its own expense
Increases the frequency of genes from individuals with highest inclusive fitness
individuals fitness + relative's fitness
can live exclusively on inorganic sources of carbon, nitrogen, and other resources
use energy from sunlight to power metabolism, growth, and resource gathering
use preformed organic molecules as food
relationship between the benefit and cost of a trait in a different environment
what kind of morph occurs in area with heavy surf
what kind of morph occurs in areas with calmer waters
All life functions cannot be simultaneously maximized, leading to tradeoffs
an aquatic heterotroph that removes suspended particles from water
these feeders consume dead organic matter
active hunters of live organisms using speed/stealth
feed on a variety of species to obtain a balanced diet
evolution of increased efficiency of feeding on few species
total range of environmental conditions that are suitable for a species existence without the effects of other species
part of the fundamental niche that a species actually occupies caused by interactions with other species
these animals keep a constant body temperature
their body temperature is a reflection of the environmental temperature
obtain their body heat from the environment (fish, amphibians)
Produce their own body heat by shivering, oxidizing brown fat
relatively long term response by an organism to environmental change
why is metabolic rate lower in winter acclimated fox?
what are some traits that decrease water loss in plants?
what are some traits that increase water loss in plants?
distribution of organisms in space at one moment in time
what are the types of dispersion?
compare home range to territory
what are the four functions of territory
What is the evidence for feeding hypothesis
Evidence for mating hypothesis
why are some animals territorial and others not?
When individuals live together in groups due to their mutual attraction for one another
Interactions among individuals in which all benefit
Why are some species social and others solitary
Study: Relations between flocking and predation in Starlings by Powell
What was the outcome of study on Merlins predation on sandpipers
The entire span of an organism from fertilization to death
Juvenile forms emerge from mother in adult like form
When offsprings begin in larval stage with metamorphosis into adult form
2 benefits of dispersal
2 costs of dispersal
no bonding, doesn't go beyond copulation. one night stand
one male mates and remains associated with one female
member of one sex mates and remains associated with more than one member of the opposite sex
One male mates and remains with more than one female
males set up large territories, allow female, but excludes other males
male follows the females around as they forage and drive off other males from their vicinity
Area where males assembles and stake out individual territories then females come and choose mates
One female mates with more than one male
The most common- females set up large territories and exclude other females
evolution of traits which may decrease an individual's chance of survival but increase its ability to acquire mates
a period of ritualized behavioral pattern before mating
Sexual dimorphism and its characteristics
Investment of time and energy towards offspring
Study of Nesting by Redwing Blackbirds in Marshes
A group of same species individuals living in a particular place
number of individuals in the population
Number of individuals per unit area in the population
two ways to measure population density
does population density INCREASE or DECREASE with body size?
why is population density relative to body size greater for mammals than birds?
study of the vital statistics of a population and how they vary with age
list of the vital statistics of a population
group of individuals in a population born about the same time
Proportion of individuals born that survives to age X
Average number of offspring produced by an individual of age X
Average number of offspring produced by an individual during its entire lifetime
Ave. age from when an individual is born to when its offspring are born
Age specific expectation of future reproduction
Practical application of Reproductive value(Vx)
change in the number of individuals per time unit
process when individuals share resources that are in short supply
model of population growth with intraspecific competition
study of how organisms are able to survive and function in their environment
capacity of an organism to survive or reproduce when subjected to stressful environmental factors
amount of energy used per time unit
study of catfish and salmon and why do catfishes acclimate better?
In what environment is r favored? what about k?
Scientific study of interrelationship between organism and their environment
