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Basic Principles of Clinical Pharmacology- 5th Year PMU

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Basic Principles of Clinical Pharmacology- 5th Year PMU

Question 1 of 37

1

Placebo is

Select one of the following:

  • allergic drug reaction

  • drug form, without active substance

  • method for treatment of acute pain

  • drug tolerance

Explanation

Question 2 of 37

1

Tobacco smoking

Select one or more of the following:

  • increases drugs metabolism

  • decreases drug metabolism

  • decreases plasma concentrations of methylxanthines

  • doesn’ t change drugs metabolism

Explanation

Question 3 of 37

1

Nocebo effect is

Select one of the following:

  • Allergic drug reaction

  • Analgesic method

  • Adverse drug reaction, caused by placebo

  • CNS depression

Explanation

Question 4 of 37

1

When patient and doctor are aware of the contents of the formulation, the trial is defined as

Select one of the following:

  • open trial

  • blind trial

  • placebo trial

  • double-blind trial

Explanation

Question 5 of 37

1

Surrogates in rational pharmacotherapy are

Select one or more of the following:

  • clinical- laboratory indexes

  • instrumental investigations - ECG; EMG; MRT etc

  • disease improvement

  • decreased mortality rate

Explanation

Question 6 of 37

1

Pharmacodynamic changes in elderly are

Select one or more of the following:

  • increased sensitivity to drugs suppressing central nervous system

  • decreased sensitivity to drugs suppressing central nervous system

  • paradoxal reactions are observed

  • adverse drug reactions are more frequent

Explanation

Question 7 of 37

1

Steady-state plasma concentration is

Select one of the following:

  • blood concentration of the drug 2 hours after administration

  • blood concentration of the drug after repeated administration when there is a balance between absorption and excretion

  • blood concentration of the drug after it has been ceased

  • blood concentration of the drug during its absorption

Explanation

Question 8 of 37

1

Drugs half-life is an index for

Select one or more of the following:

  • the route of administration of the drug

  • the duration of the drug effect when there is a relationship between it and plasma concentrations

  • time to reach steady-state plasma concentration after repeated administration

  • determination of dose interval

Explanation

Question 9 of 37

1

Drugs contraindicated in the first half of pregnancy are

Select one or more of the following:

  • Erythromycin

  • Sex steroids

  • Penicillins

  • Oral anticoagulants

Explanation

Question 10 of 37

1

For pharmacokinetics in elderly is true

Select one or more of the following:

  • decreased excretion

  • decreased metabolism

  • decreased volume of distribution

  • increased volume of distribution

Explanation

Question 11 of 37

1

Reasons for inadequate pharmaceutical availability are

Select one or more of the following:

  • chronic renal failure

  • improper use of the drug formulation

  • bad quality of the drug substance

  • participating in treatment

Explanation

Question 12 of 37

1

Categories of ADRs are

Select one or more of the following:

  • certain

  • probable

  • possible

  • unlikely

Explanation

Question 13 of 37

1

Therapeutic drug monitoring is

Select one or more of the following:

  • method for neuroleptanalgesy

  • used when there is relationship between plasma concentrations and drug effect

  • used for drugs with narrow therapeutic window

  • used for drugs with long half- live

Explanation

Question 14 of 37

1

Irrational ready-made drug formulations contain

Select one or more of the following:

  • drugs with different half-life

  • drugs for ethiotropic and symptomatic treatment

  • drugs with narrow therapeutic window

  • drugs affecting different pathogenic mechanisms

Explanation

Question 15 of 37

1

First phase of clinical trial can be determinated as

Select one of the following:

  • first application of a new substance to healthy volunteers

  • first application of a new substance to patients

  • efficacy and safety in a large number of patients

  • post-marketing surveillance in thousands of patients

Explanation

Question 16 of 37

1

Binding of drugs with plasma proteins is important for

Select one or more of the following:

  • half- life

  • drugs interactions

  • bioavailabillity

  • the value of the pharmacological effect

Explanation

Question 17 of 37

1

Adverse drug reactions lead to

Select one or more of the following:

  • increased pharmacological effect

  • decreased risk of toxicity

  • decreased efficacy of the treatment

  • developement of unpredictable drug effects

Explanation

Question 18 of 37

1

Bad compliance of the patient may be due to

Select one or more of the following:

  • dose regimen with many drugs with frequent administration

  • a large number of drugs

  • lack of information for the treatment

  • the drug must be taken once daily

Explanation

Question 19 of 37

1

Fourth phase of clinical trial can be determinated as

Select one of the following:

  • first application of a new substance to healthy volunteers

  • first application of a new substance to patients

  • efficacy and safety in a large number of patients

  • post-marketing surveillance in thousands of patients

Explanation

Question 20 of 37

1

Drugs clearance is

Select one or more of the following:

  • Amount of drug, that reaches systemic circulation

  • Blood plasma volume from which the drug is eliminated for defined period of time

  • Steady- state plasma concentration

  • Withdrawal syndrome

Explanation

Question 21 of 37

1

Monitoring of therapeutic plasma concentrations is necessary for

Select one or more of the following:

  • theophyllin

  • phenobarbital

  • carbamazepin

  • amoxicillin

Explanation

Question 22 of 37

1

Third phase of clinical trial can be determinated as

Select one of the following:

  • first application of a new substance to healthy volunteers

  • first application of a new substance to patients

  • efficacy and safety in a large number of patients

  • post-marketing surveillance in thousands of patients

Explanation

Question 23 of 37

1

Clearance is an index for

Select one of the following:

  • drugs excretion

  • determination of mantaining dose of the drugs

  • drugs absorbtion

  • effects of the drugs on the heart

Explanation

Question 24 of 37

1

Pharmacogenetic differences lead to

Select one or more of the following:

  • decreased effect

  • increased effect

  • development of adverse drug reactions

  • avitaminosis

Explanation

Question 25 of 37

1

Drug surveillance is done by

Select one or more of the following:

  • spontaneous reporting

  • observation studies

  • family doctors

  • population statistics

Explanation

Question 26 of 37

1

Adverse drug reactions are the following types

Select one or more of the following:

  • augmented

  • bizarre

  • chronic

  • delayed

Explanation

Question 27 of 37

1

Mechanisms of drug interactions are

Select one or more of the following:

  • unpredictable

  • pharmacokinetic

  • pharmacodynamic

  • pharmaceutical

Explanation

Question 28 of 37

1

The quality of therapeutic decision (outcomes) can be measured by

Select one or more of the following:

  • clinical outcomes

  • costs — direct and indirect

  • functional status pf patient

  • overall patient satisfaction

Explanation

Question 29 of 37

1

Method of evaluation of cost/benefits ration are

Select one or more of the following:

  • cost minimization analysis

  • cost effectiveness analysis

  • cost utility analysis

  • cost consequence analysis

Explanation

Question 30 of 37

1

Drug metabolism involving some enzyme defects includes the following reactions

Select one or more of the following:

  • acetylation

  • oxidation

  • hydrolysis

  • red cells enzyme defects

Explanation

Question 31 of 37

1

The reasons for drug abuse are

Select one or more of the following:

  • relief of anxiety, tension and depression

  • entertainment, fun

  • improvement of performance in competitive sports

  • conformity with own social subgroup

Explanation

Question 32 of 37

1

How many types of dependence do you know?

Select one or more of the following:

  • psychological

  • physical (physiological)

  • acute

  • chronic

Explanation

Question 33 of 37

1

Which pharmacological drug groups cause drug dependence and tolerance?

Select one or more of the following:

  • Opioid analgesics

  • Antidepressants

  • CNS stimulants

  • Benzodiazepines

Explanation

Question 34 of 37

1

The neuropharmacological mechanisms of drug addiction are

Select one or more of the following:

  • activation of endogenous opiate encephalin receptors

  • activation of μ-opioid receptors in the brain

  • activation of cannabinoid receptors (CB1) in the hypothalamus

  • increase of glutamate release in the brain cortex

Explanation

Question 35 of 37

1

Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome is characterized by

Select one or more of the following:

  • it develops after 6-weeks of treatment

  • it develops after 2 weeks of treatment

  • psychological symptoms — anxiety, agitation, insomnia, seizures

  • physical symptoms — nausea, vomiting, muscle pain, ataxia

Explanation

Question 36 of 37

1

Opioid (heroin, morphine) withdrawal syndrome is characterized by

Select one or more of the following:

  • begins 8 hours after last dose

  • the peak is between 36-72 h

  • first physical symptoms are lacrimation, rhinorrhea and sweating

  • abdominal cramps, diarrhoea, bone and muscle pain, weakness and chills

Explanation

Question 37 of 37

1

Why is methadone used for treatment of opioid-dependence?

Select one or more of the following:

  • it is taken orally

  • it is applied intravenously

  • has prolonged action

  • has short-action

Explanation

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