Chapter 3: The Cellular Environment: Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases

Question 1 of 31

1

Why are infants most susceptible to significant losses in total body water?

Select one of the following:

High body surface-to-body size ratio
Slow metabolic rate
Kidneys are not mature enough to counter fluid losses
Inability to communicate adequately when he or she is thirsty

Explanation

Question 2 of 31

1

Why does obesity create a greater risk for dehydration in people?

Select one of the following:

Adipose cells contain little water because fat is water repelling.
The metabolic rate of obese adults is slower than the rate of lean adults.
The rate of urine output of obese adults is higher than in lean adults.
The thirst receptors of the hypothalamus do not function effectively.

Explanation

Question 3 of 31

1

A patient’s blood gases reveal the following findings: pH 7.3; bicarbonate (HCO3) 27 mEq/L;
carbon dioxide (CO2) 58 mm Hg. What is the interpretation of these gases?

Select one of the following:

Respiratory alkalosis
Metabolic acidosis
Respiratory acidosis
Metabolic alkalosis

Explanation

Question 4 of 31

1

Water movement between the intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment and the extracellular fluid
(ECF) compartment is primarily a function of what?

Select one of the following:

Osmotic forces
Plasma oncotic pressure
Antidiuretic hormone
Hydrostatic forces

Explanation

Question 5 of 31

1

In addition to osmosis, what force is involved in the movement of water between the plasma
and interstitial fluid spaces?

Select one of the following:

Oncotic pressure
Buffering
Net filtration
Hydrostatic pressure

Explanation

Question 6 of 31

1

Venous obstruction is a cause of edema because of an increase in which pressure?

Select one of the following:

Capillary hydrostatic
Interstitial hydrostatic
Capillary oncotic
Interstitial oncotic

Explanation

Question 7 of 31

1

At the arterial end of capillaries, why does fluid move from the intravascular space into the
interstitial space?

Select one of the following:

Interstitial hydrostatic pressure is higher than the capillary hydrostatic pressure.
Capillary hydrostatic pressure is higher than the capillary oncotic pressure.
Interstitial oncotic pressure is higher than the interstitial hydrostatic pressure.
Capillary oncotic pressure is lower than the interstitial hydrostatic pressure.

Explanation

Question 8 of 31

1

Low plasma albumin causes edema as a result of a reduction in which pressure?

Select one of the following:

Capillary hydrostatic
Interstitial hydrostatic
Plasma oncotic
Interstitial oncotic

Explanation

Question 9 of 31

1

How are secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and the perception of thirst stimulated?

Select one of the following:

Decrease in serum sodium
Increase in plasma osmolality
Increase in glomerular filtration rate
Decrease in osmoreceptor stimulation

Explanation

Question 10 of 31

1

Thirst activates osmoreceptors following an increase in which blood plasma component?

Select one of the following:

Antidiuretic hormone
Aldosterone
Hydrostatic pressure
Osmotic pressure

Explanation

Question 11 of 31

1

A student asks about natriuretic peptides. Which statement by the professor is most accurate?

Select one of the following:

Decrease blood pressure and increase sodium and water excretion.
Increase blood pressure and decrease sodium and water excretion.
Increase heart rate and decrease potassium excretion.
Decrease heart rate and increase potassium excretion.

Explanation

Question 12 of 31

1

When changes in total body water are accompanied by proportional changes in electrolytes,
what type of alteration occurs?

Select one of the following:

Isotonic
Hypertonic
Hypotonic
Normotonic

Explanation

Question 13 of 31

1

Which enzyme is secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney when circulating blood
volume is reduced?

Select one of the following:

Angiotensin I
Angiotensin II
Aldosterone
Renin

Explanation

Question 14 of 31

1

A patient in the hospital has hypernatremia. What condition should the healthcare professional
assess for?

Select one of the following:

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
Hypersecretion of aldosterone
Brief bouts of vomiting or diarrhea
Excessive diuretic therapy

Explanation

Question 15 of 31

1

A patient has a serum sodium level of 165 mEq/L. The healthcare professional explains that
the clinical manifestations of confusion, convulsions, cerebral hemorrhage, and coma are
caused by what mechanism?

Select one of the following:

High sodium in the blood vessels pulls water out of the brain cells into the blood vessels, causing brain cells to shrink.
High sodium in the brain cells pulls water out of the blood vessels into the brain cells, causing them to swell.
Low sodium in the blood vessels pulls potassium out of the brain cells, which
slows the synapses in the brain.
Low sodium in the blood vessels draws chloride into the brain cells followed by
water, causing the brain cells to swell.

Explanation

Question 16 of 31

1

What does vomiting-induced metabolic alkalosis cause?

Select one of the following:

Retained sodium to bind with the chloride
Hydrogen to move into the cell and exchange with potassium
Retention of bicarbonate to maintain the anion balance
Hypoventilation to compensate for the metabolic alkalosis

Explanation

Question 17 of 31

1

The pathophysiologic process of edema is related to which mechanism?

Select one of the following:

Sodium depletion
Decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure
Increased plasma oncotic pressure
Lymphatic obstruction

Explanation

Question 18 of 31

1

Why is insulin used to treat hyperkalemia?

Select one of the following:

Stimulates sodium to be removed from the cell in exchange for potassium
Binds to potassium to remove it through the kidneys
Transports potassium from the blood into the cell along with glucose
Breaks down the chemical components of potassium, inactivating it

Explanation

Question 19 of 31

1

A major determinant of the resting membrane potential necessary for the transmission of
nerve impulses is the ratio between what?

Select one of the following:

Intracellular and extracellular Na+
Intracellular and extracellular K+
Intracellular Na+ and extracellular K+
Intracellular K+ and extracellular Na+

Explanation

Question 20 of 31

1

During acidosis, the body compensates for the increase in serum hydrogen ions by shifting
hydrogen ions into the cell in exchange for which electrolyte?

Select one of the following:

Oxygen
Sodium
Potassium
Magnesium

Explanation

Question 21 of 31

1

A healthcare professional is caring for four patients. Which patient should the professional
assess for hyperkalemia?

Select one of the following:

Hyperparathyroidism
Vomiting
Renal failure
Hyperaldosteronism

Explanation

Question 22 of 31

1

In hyperkalemia, what change occurs to the cells’ resting membrane potential?

Select one of the following:

Hypopolarization
Hyperexcitability
Depolarization
Repolarization

Explanation

Question 23 of 31

1

A patient’s chart indicates Kussmaul respirations. The student asks the healthcare professional
what this is caused by. What response by the professional is most accurate?

Select one of the following:

Anxiety leads to Kussmaul respirations and is a cause of respiratory acidosis.
A compensatory measure is needed to correct metabolic acidosis.
Diabetic ketoacidosis is leading to metabolic acidosis
More oxygen is necessary to compensate for respiratory acidosis.

Explanation

Question 24 of 31

1

A healthcare provider notes that tapping the patient’s facial nerve leads to lip twitching. What
electrolyte value is correlated with this finding?

Select one of the following:

K+: 2.8 mEq/L
K+: 5.4 mEq/L
Ca++: 8.2 mg/dL
Ca++: 12.9 mg/dL

Explanation

Question 25 of 31

1

A patient has a history of excessive use of magnesium-containing antacids and
aluminum-containing antacids. What lab value does the healthcare professional correlate to
this behavior?

Select one of the following:

Magnesium 1.8 mg/dL
Phosphate 1.9 mg/dL
Sodium 149 mEq/L
Potassium 2.5 mEq/L

Explanation

Question 26 of 31

1

A healthcare professional is caring for four patients. Which patient should the professional
assess for hypermagnesemia as a priority?

Select one of the following:

Hepatitis
Renal failure
Trauma to the hypothalamus
Pancreatitis

Explanation

Question 27 of 31

1

Physiologic pH is maintained at approximately 7.4 because bicarbonate (HCO3) and carbonic
acid (H2CO3) exist in what ratio?

Select one of the following:

20:1
1:20
10:2
10:5

Explanation

Question 28 of 31

1

Where is two thirds of the body’s water found?

Select one of the following:

Interstitial fluid spaces
Vascular system
Intracellular fluid compartments
Intraocular fluids

Explanation

Question 29 of 31

1

A healthcare professional just administered a large dose of insulin to a patient. Which
electrolyte value should the professional monitor as a priority?

Select one of the following:

Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium

Explanation

Question 30 of 31

1

Why does increased capillary hydrostatic pressure result in edema?

Select one of the following:

Losses or diminished production of plasma albumin
Inflammation resulting from an immune response
Blockage within the lymphatic channel system
Sodium and water retention

Explanation

Question 31 of 31

1

A patient’s electrocardiogram (ECG) shows tall, peaked T waves. What lab value or
assessment would the healthcare professional correlate with this finding?

Select one of the following:

Positive Chvostek sign
Serum potassium 6.7 mEq/L
Nausea and vomiting
Serum sodium 138 mEq/L

	Created by Emily Doyle over 4 years ago

Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis of Disease in Adults and Children 8th Edition

Chapter 3: The Cellular Environment: Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases

Chapter 3: The Cellular Environment: Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases

Question 1 of 31

Why are infants most susceptible to significant losses in total body water?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 2 of 31

Why does obesity create a greater risk for dehydration in people?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 3 of 31

A patient’s blood gases reveal the following findings: pH 7.3; bicarbonate (HCO3) 27 mEq/L; carbon dioxide (CO2) 58 mm Hg. What is the interpretation of these gases?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 4 of 31

Water movement between the intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment and the extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment is primarily a function of what?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 5 of 31

In addition to osmosis, what force is involved in the movement of water between the plasma and interstitial fluid spaces?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 6 of 31

Venous obstruction is a cause of edema because of an increase in which pressure?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 7 of 31

At the arterial end of capillaries, why does fluid move from the intravascular space into the interstitial space?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 8 of 31

Low plasma albumin causes edema as a result of a reduction in which pressure?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 9 of 31

How are secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and the perception of thirst stimulated?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 10 of 31

Thirst activates osmoreceptors following an increase in which blood plasma component?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 11 of 31

A student asks about natriuretic peptides. Which statement by the professor is most accurate?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 12 of 31

When changes in total body water are accompanied by proportional changes in electrolytes, what type of alteration occurs?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 13 of 31

Which enzyme is secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney when circulating blood volume is reduced?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 14 of 31

A patient in the hospital has hypernatremia. What condition should the healthcare professional assess for?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 15 of 31

A patient has a serum sodium level of 165 mEq/L. The healthcare professional explains that the clinical manifestations of confusion, convulsions, cerebral hemorrhage, and coma are caused by what mechanism?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 16 of 31

What does vomiting-induced metabolic alkalosis cause?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 17 of 31

The pathophysiologic process of edema is related to which mechanism?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 18 of 31

Why is insulin used to treat hyperkalemia?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 19 of 31

A major determinant of the resting membrane potential necessary for the transmission of nerve impulses is the ratio between what?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 20 of 31

A patient’s blood gases reveal the following findings: pH 7.3; bicarbonate (HCO3) 27 mEq/L;
carbon dioxide (CO2) 58 mm Hg. What is the interpretation of these gases?

Water movement between the intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment and the extracellular fluid
(ECF) compartment is primarily a function of what?

In addition to osmosis, what force is involved in the movement of water between the plasma
and interstitial fluid spaces?

At the arterial end of capillaries, why does fluid move from the intravascular space into the
interstitial space?

When changes in total body water are accompanied by proportional changes in electrolytes,
what type of alteration occurs?

Which enzyme is secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney when circulating blood
volume is reduced?

A patient in the hospital has hypernatremia. What condition should the healthcare professional
assess for?

A patient has a serum sodium level of 165 mEq/L. The healthcare professional explains that
the clinical manifestations of confusion, convulsions, cerebral hemorrhage, and coma are
caused by what mechanism?

A major determinant of the resting membrane potential necessary for the transmission of
nerve impulses is the ratio between what?

During acidosis, the body compensates for the increase in serum hydrogen ions by shifting
hydrogen ions into the cell in exchange for which electrolyte?

A healthcare professional is caring for four patients. Which patient should the professional
assess for hyperkalemia?

A patient’s chart indicates Kussmaul respirations. The student asks the healthcare professional
what this is caused by. What response by the professional is most accurate?

A healthcare provider notes that tapping the patient’s facial nerve leads to lip twitching. What
electrolyte value is correlated with this finding?

A patient has a history of excessive use of magnesium-containing antacids and
aluminum-containing antacids. What lab value does the healthcare professional correlate to
this behavior?

A healthcare professional is caring for four patients. Which patient should the professional
assess for hypermagnesemia as a priority?

Physiologic pH is maintained at approximately 7.4 because bicarbonate (HCO3) and carbonic
acid (H2CO3) exist in what ratio?

A healthcare professional just administered a large dose of insulin to a patient. Which
electrolyte value should the professional monitor as a priority?

A patient’s electrocardiogram (ECG) shows tall, peaked T waves. What lab value or
assessment would the healthcare professional correlate with this finding?