Ethical concerns: In ❌ fertilisation
Argument from conjugal meaning;​
Identity concerns; ​
Feminist arguments; ​
Safety​ - Privately funded​, Relied on animal experiments ​(no ❌ research conducted​). No research protocol​. Safety studies only in last ❌ decades.​

Spectrum of moral views​ of an embryo:
1. Full moral status at ❌: ​equal human being.
2. Gradualist approach​: Moral status ❌ as the embryo develops​. Limits imposed (❌ day limit on development NZ)​
3. No moral status

NZ statistics;
Infertility: ​
- attempt to conceive for > ❌ months, and/or need ❌
- common amongst women ❌ in Otago/Southland​
- 1 in 4 women reported infertility (cf ❌ in high income countries)​
- Over ❌ of infertile women sought medical help to conceive​
- Risk factors about equal for the sexes. Increasing ❌, very underweight or obese, STI (❌)​.

Male causes of infertility: (❌% of infertilities)​
Problems with ❌ production / transport​

Female causes of infertility:
Blocked ❌ tubes​
❌ problems​
Presence of seminal ❌ ​
❌​
Unexplained​

Publicly funded treatment priority is ranked by Clinical Priority Access Criteria.
Allocated points​:
Objective criteria​ - ❌ of infertility; number of ❌; ❌ status;​
Social criteria -​ diagnosis; ​ ❌ age.
​Scores above ❌ ‘eligible’ for public treatment - waiting list​.
To be accepted for public treatment - must be >❌, non-smoker (❌ months), BMI <❌​.

What if there's risk of serious genetic disease?​
- Remain childless​
- Adoption​
- ❌ sperm/eggs​
- Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis: IVF​ with a ❌ – remove cells from embryo​ to test (❌ gene disorders, X or Y ❌ related disease). Select healthy embryos for transfer​. Risk from embryo biopsy: ❌ as IVF/ICSI​. Approx $14,000 NZD​.

Objections to PGD in general​
❌ status of the embryo;​
Unnaturalness / Playing God arguments;​
Revival of ❌;​
❌ arguments: encourages negative attitudes towards disabled​.