Flight evolved 4 times

How to get a hybrid

Barriers to hybridisation

Polysaccharide

Pectin

hemicellulose

cellulose

xyloglucan

Agents capable of cutting xyloglucan

What regulates cell wall expansion?

Enzymes that digest polysaccharides

Rhizosphere

Phyllosphere

gene-for-gene hypothesis

R-genes

Avirulent pathogen

Virulent pathogen

SAR genes

What signal activates SAR genes?

Salicylc Acid (SA) is a signal for..

Flavenoid function

NOD genes

Root hair curling

Determinate nodules

Indeterminate nodules

Annual crop

Perennial crop

Tubers (crop)

Grafting

Vegetative propagation

Advantages of clonal propagation

Disadvantages of clonal propagation

What 3 things do plants need?

Past breeding targets

Current breeding targets

Elite breeding

Yield ceiling

Hybrid vigour/ Heterosis

Monocious

Polyploidy

Autopolyploidy

Advantages of GM crops

Disadvantages of conventional breeding

Antisense gene

Molecular markers

Characteristics of fungi

Hyphae

Features of filamentous fungi

Hyphal networks function in...

Woronin body

Non fungal fungi

Chytridiomycota

Zygomycota

Glomeromycota

Dikarymycota

Fungal biotrophic pathogen

Fungal hemibiotrophic pathogen

Fungal necrotrophic pathogen

Causes of spread of fungal diseases

Homothalic

Heterothalic

Heterokaryosis

Functions of spores

Fungal associations

Endophytes