Cognitive psychology studies , including internal processes such as ,
The information-processing approach is serial and bottom up.
Bottom up is when processing is determined by the rather than
- reaction time shortens from , increases slowly until the and then rapidly.
- in almost every age-group, tend to respond faster than
How many words to Adults know?
70,000
75,000
7,000
Morphemes are that cannot be divided into
Syntax is the of a language, the that we use to produce coherent sentences
Phonemic Restoration Effect if a phoneme is masked they of the sentence.
- the point at which a listener can recognise the word without hearing the finished word.
Cohort Model - when you hear a word, all the words with the first letters and then as you follow the sequential letters.
- word superiority effect: single letters are in the context of a real word.
Interactive Activation Model - activation cascades from over in the network.
semantic priming - exposure to facilitates processing of
the stages of long-term memory are; , and .
fMRI has good and poor
EEG has spatial resolution and temporal resolution
Kapur et al a deep encoding task (living/non-living) facilitated than a shallow encoding task
is more active for procedural task , whereas is more active for the procedural task
= the ability to extremely rapidly form durable conscious memories of personal experiences.
- hypothetical brain/mind ability or capacity acquired by humans through evolution, that allows them to be constantly aware of the past and the future.
(2000) - successfully remembering visual memories activates the visual association cortex, but remembering auditory memories activates the auditory cortex.
the is thought to bind more low-level features and item memories into highly differentiated unique
- imagining different events participants' confidence that they had occurred.
- remembering true memories is often associated with more than false memories.
Long running debate over whether vision is innate () or learned ()
Gibson's (1966) theory of - visual experience stems from that cannot be inferred from looking at the component parts.
What are the assumptions of the Constructivist Approach of vision (U. Neisser, 1928-2012)
cognition consists of an orderly series of stages of mental events that actively reconstruct the retinal input
the detection of perceptual invariants such as optic flow and texture relies on complex mental processes
Cognition can occur randomly, it does not have to follow a set order of stages
- discovered that light can be split into many colours. Different colours arise from different parts of the
the human retina has over , and rods.
Gestalt psychologists state that the process of grouping provides a way of into
Lissauer (1890) - is when patients are unable to properly assemble the individual attributes of objects.
- patient AS could use shape information to pick up objects but was unable to recognise them.
Lissauer (1890) - is when patients can properly form object structure; but are unable to access stored knowledge about this.
Lhermitte & Beauvois (1973) - is when patients can apprehend objects structure and show semantic knowledge through mine and use, but they
to recognise an object we look that are unique to that object
- objects are recognised through the various lengths and arrangements of the generalised cones, which is made from its information.
Geon Theory - there are other object properties that remain invariant across viewpoints; and other basic shapes.
neuropsychological evidence suggests that object recognition occurs at distinct stages;
- the face inversion effect occurs because the inversion of a face disrupts its familiar configure cues while leaving the identities of its features untouched.
Ishai, Alumit et al (1999) - seems to 'light up' when faces are viewed.
pure prosopagnosia - patients are at recognising faces but relatively at recognising objects. Shown in Patient R.C.
- patients are poor at recognising objects but relatively normal at recognising faces. Shown in Patient C.K.
- the inversion effect found for human faces can also be found in animals, provided that the subject are at recognising that kind of animal
- decisions about objects for which we have developed expertise also activate the which was thought to be
- 'everyone knows what attention is', we all have attention and are basically aware of what it is.
- 'no-one knows what attention is'. It is difficult to define and
- spotlight theory of attention. attention can only focus on at a time. Attentional shifts occur either voluntary or involuntary.
Eriksen & St James (1986) - zoom-lens theory states that allows us to pick out greater detail whereas a allows more information to be assimilated at a
; some types of information can be processed without .
(1988) - brain areas associated with fear and happiness are when faces showing such emotion are presented
