Sustainability Engineering

In 2011 world energy consumption was

In 2011 US energy consumption was

In 2011 US annual per capita energy consumption was about

In 2011 world per capita energy consumption was about

In 2011 world oil consumption was about

In 2011 US oil consumption was about

What percent of oil is supplied through imports

What percent of oil is consumed by transportation

In 2011 US domestic oil production was about

Major anthropogenic emissions of GHG include

The energy intensity of the US economy is

The countries with the largest coal, oil, and Natural gas reserves are

In 2011 world CO2 emissions were about

In 2011 US CO2 emissions were about

In the US the average amount of CO2 emitted per kwh of electricity produced is

The average amount of CO2 emitted per vehicle mile driven is about

The energy Intensity of a country can be measured as a ratio of what to what

The carbon intensity is a ration of what to what

The energy equivalent of a barrel of oil is

The energy equivalent of a ton of coal is

The principle sectors of end us energy consumption in the USA are the

The classic Hubbert Curve for resource development includes 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5

Domestic oil production peaked in

When domestic oil production peaked, how many times higher than current production

Non-conventional fossil fuel resources for natural gas include

Non conventional fossil resources for crude oil include

Significant emissions from coal boilers include

Significant emissions from diesel engines include

Combined heat and power systems includes a

From 1970 to 2008 world annual carbon dioxide emissions increased by 50%. The two most important factors were

From 1970 to 2008 world annual sulfur dioxide emissions decreased by 50 %. The two most important factors were

The preindustrial concentration of atmospheric CO2 was about

The current atmospheric concentration of CO2 is

The average global surface temperature increased by about what since 1900

On observed environmental change due to climate change is

Underground carbon dioxide storage methods include

One company currently using underground CO2 storage is

Two common chemical processes used in a gassifier to produce syngas from coal are

The device used to remove CO2 from post combustion flue gas is called

The Syngas produce in a gasifier consists of

Absorption of long wavelength radiation from the earth's surface is primarily by two atmospheric gasses

Fracking is another term for

The term external costs refers to what costs, and state and example

In envirnmental science some important models used to predict the impact of industrial activities on local regional and global ecosystems are

There are several advanced fossil power generation systems that are more efficient that traditional systems including

In a solar cell the n-layer is doped with

In a solar cell the p-layer is doped with

Materials used for thin film solar PV panels include

Recent developments in PV solar technology include

The solar radiation intensity just above the atmosphere is about

The global average radiation intensity at the earth's surface is about

Elements of a liquid type flat plate solar thermal collector include

Loss mechanisms for solar PV cells include

Solar PV panels efficiencies range from

Name the two types of PV and which is more efficient

Solar thermal power systems typically employ what to collect and what to produce electric energy

Some elements used in amorphous thin film PV collectors include

Solar thermal heating systems that do not employ mechanical devices are called

Sustainable processes or developments are those that conserve this and preserve this in an equitable manner.

A coal-fired power plant typically emits about BLANK kg of CO2 per MWh of electricity produced

a natural gas plant emits about BLANK of CO2 per kWh

In the U.S., automobiles typically emit about BLANK kg of CO2 per mile
of travel

The amount it CO2 emitted per MBtu of of heat input to a natural gas boiler is about BLANK kg, and from a coal boiler it is about BLANK kg

World-wide, nuclear power accounts for about % of electricity generation capacity, and hydroelectric power accounts for about %.

Environmental concerns about carbon capture and storage include the possibilities BLANK and BLANK

Environmental concerns about hydraulic fracturing include the possibilities of BLANK and BLANK

Safety concerns about nuclear power include the threat of BLANK and the possibility of BLANK

Since the deployment of the first commercial nuclear power plant, there have been several serious accidents, including those at BLANK,
BLANK , and BLANK .

The U.S. per capita CO2 emissions are about 19.0 tonnes. This statistic for
China is BLANK tonnes, and for the world, about BLANK tonnes.

Factors influencing national CO2 emissions include population, energy intensity, BLANK and BLANK .

In the USA, % of total electricity production comes from fossil- fuel sources; about % comes from coal

The levelized annual cost of energy systems may include capital cost,
BLANK cost and BLANK cost

In the USA, about % of total electricity production comes from renewable sources; about % comes from hydroelectric power

Recent developments in PV solar technology include thin films, nanotechnology, BLANK and BLANK .

The solar radiation intensity just above the atmosphere is about BLANK . The Global radation intensity at the earth's surface is about BLANK.

Solar PV panel efficiencies range from about to %. The BLANK type cells tend to be more efficient than the BLANK type

Solar thermal power systems typically employ collectors and a to produce electrical energy

Solar thermal heating systems that do not employ mechanical devices such as pumps or fans are called .

Two mathematical functions used to describe wind speed distribution are the
and functions.

In the momentum analysis of HAWTs the parameters a and a' represent the and , respectively.

The wind turbine power coefficient is defined as the ratio of turbine power to the product of rotor swept area, , and .

The wind turbine capacity factor is defined as the ratio of
to .

The Betz limit, equal to BLANK , is the theoretical maximum BLANK
of a wind turbine.

The angle of attack of a wind turbine blade section is defined as the angle between the and the .

The wind energy resource for a certain geographical area is characterized by the average at 50 m

Planned offshore wind turbine sites in the U.S. include , and .

Wind power accounts for about % of U.S. electrical generating capacity, and produces about % of U.S. electrical energy

For utility scale wind turbine, a typical power coefficient is about
, and a typical capacity factor is about .

The diagram that indicates the frequency distribution of wind speed for a particular site is called a BLANK
. The diagram that indicates the
frequency distribution of wind direction is called a BLANK .

Geothermal energy systems may be classified as direct use, ,
, or .

Whereas the earth core temperature is about deg C, geothermal heat is supplied at temperatures between about and .

Geothermal direct use applications include residential and district heating, industrial process heat, and

The types of geothermal electrical power plants include ,
, and .

Geothermal heat pumps operate on the cycle, in which a process produces a chilled fluid.

The coefficient of performance of a geothermal heat pump (heater) is defined as the ratio of the to the .

The second law efficiency of a geothermal heat pump can be estimated as the ratio of the to the .

The thermal efficiency of a geothermal power system would typically be about

% ; for a nuclear power plant the thermal efficiency is about %

Types of hydrothermal power systems include ,
and

Two important nuclear safety systems in case of a core meltdown are the
and the .

Generation II type nuclear reactors include the type and
type reactors.

Generation III type nuclear reactors include the type and
type reactors

Generation IV type nuclear reactor designs include the reactor and
the reactor.

Uranium-238 decays by emitting a , also called an

Examples of fissile fuels for PWR and LWR reactors are
and .

The CANDU reactor uses heavy water as the and . One advantage of the HWR is .

Nuclear power accounts for about % of U.S. electrical generating capacity, and produces about % of U.S. electrical energy

In the LWR nuclear reactor designs, the fuel rods contain the nuclear fuel, which is enriched , clad in a alloy casing

In the LWR nuclear reactor designs, the control rods are capable of absorbing
without fissioning. Control rods are made from a wide variety of materials, for example .

The Fisher-Tropsch process uses specially designed to produce liquid biofuels from .

Some crops that can be used to produce liquid biofuels include corn, sugarcane, switchgrass, , , or .

In the USA, most fuel ethanol is produced from . The net energy balance for the ethanol production process is about %.

Plant cells consist mainly of cellulose fibers, and

The chemical building block of cellulose is , which is an organic compound with a structure

The NEB ratio is defined as the ratio of to
for the biofuel production process

Anaerobic digestion is a process used to produce using .

In biofuel production, the first step, in which cellulose is broken down to smaller organic molecules, is called

In the low temperature biofuel production processes, the biomass is first converted to , which are then

In the high temperature biofuel production processes, the biomass is first converted to , in a device called the

Algae can be used to manufacture biofuels. An oil, called is produced, then later refined into a liquid fuel,
for .

The average fuel economy of U.S. automobiles is about mpg. The average fuel economy of the leading HEVs is about mpg

Currently, the total energy consumption by the transportation sector in the U.S.
is about ; on-road vehicles account for about
% of the total

The current CAFE standard for automobiles and light trucks is
about mpg. This is scheduled to increase to mpg by the year 2025.

The transportation energy intensity is defined as for passenger transportation, and for freight.

The transportation sector accounts for about of total U.S. energy consumption, and about of U.S. CO2 emissions

For road vehicles, the rolling resistance is proportional to velocity raised to the
power ; aerodynamic drag force is proportional to velocity .

In the U.S., on-road vehicles account for about % of transportation energy use, and air transportation account for about %.

Strategies for improving vehicle fuel efficiency include reducing vehicle weight and size, improving engine efficiency, and .

Urban mass transportation systems can be classified as heavy-rail transit
, and .

The ideal (high ridership) energy intensity of rail passenger transportation systems is about ; this compares to about for air passenger transportation

The factors in ICEV design that are important for fuel economy include vehicle size, weight, drag coefficient , and .