Chapter 4: Pharmacokinetics

Question 1 of 34

1

Which of the following is the definition of pharmacokinetics?

Select one of the following:

  • The study of drug movement throughout the body.

  • The process of chemically converting a drug to a form that is usually more easily removed from the body,

  • The study of how a medicine changes the body,

  • The process of moving a substance from its site of administration across the body's membranes and into the circulating fluids.

Explanation

Question 2 of 34

1

For most medications, the greatest barrier is crossing the many membranes that separate the drug from its target.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 3 of 34

1

Which of the following are challenges that drugs must face while moving toward target cells?

Select one or more of the following:

  • Stomach acid and digestive enzymes trying to break it down.

  • Liver enzymes that chemically change drug molecule.

  • Phagocytes trying to remove it

  • Kidneys attempting to remove it.

Explanation

Question 4 of 34

1

Select all the types of drugs that could EASILY pass through the plasma membrane.

Select one or more of the following:

  • Small, nonionized, and lipid soluble

  • Small, water-soluble agents

  • Large, ionized agents

  • Large water soluble agents

Explanation

Question 5 of 34

1

Drugs always have to enter the cell to produce their effects.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 6 of 34

1

All drugs must be absorbed to produce an effect

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 7 of 34

1

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

The rate of determines how quickly the drug disintegrates and is dispersed into simpler forms.

Explanation

Question 8 of 34

9

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

is a process involving the movement of a substance from its site of administration, across body membranes, and to circulating fluids. It determines the it takes a drug to produce its effect.

involves the transport of drugs throughout the body. The simplest factor determining this is the amount of to body tissues.

, also called , is the process of chemically converting a drug to a form that is more easily removed from the body, The is the primary site for this process, although the kidneys and intestinal cells also help with it.

is the process by which drugs are removed from the body. The rate at which this process occurs is a primary determinant of the of the drugs in the bloodstream and tissues.

Explanation

Question 9 of 34

1

Which of the following does NOT affect absorption?

Select one of the following:

  • Drug formulation and dose

  • Route of administration

  • Size of drug molecule

  • Surface area of absorption site

  • Digestive motility

  • Blood flow

  • Lipid solubility of drug

  • Degree of ionization

  • Drug and food interactions

  • Affinity for tissues

Explanation

Question 10 of 34

12

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

All of the following are things that affect absorption of medications.

- Drug formulation and dose: ( Liquid, Tablet, Capsule ) formulations of an oral drug are absorbed faster, and ( higher, lower ) doses will have a more rapid onset of action.

-Route of administration: Drugs given ( intravenously, orally, topically, ophthalmically, intramuscularly, subcutaneously ) will absorb faster.

-Size of drug molecule: ( Larger, Smaller, Lipid-soluble, Water-soluble ) drug molecules take longer to absorb.

-Surface area of absorptive site: The ( larger, smaller ) the surface area, the faster the drug will be absorbed,

-Digestive motility: Changes in GI motility can either speed up or slow down, depending on the drug and where it is absorbed.

-Blood flow: Greater blood flow to ( site of administration, the eyes, the lungs, the GI tract ) results in faster absorption.

-Solubility of drug: ( Lipid, Water ) soluble drugs are absorbed more quickly.

-Degree of ionization: ( Basic, Acidic ) drugs are absorbed and distributed better in alkaline environments, while ( acids, bases ) are better absorbed in acids. The pH of the local environment ( directly, indirectly ) influences drug absorption through its ability to ionize the drug.

-Drug-drug or drug-food interactions: ( High-fat, Carbohydrate-rich, High-protein, Low sodium ) meals can significantly slow stomach motility and delay absorption of oral
meds. Some dietary supplements have a ( laxative, constipation ) effect, which can slow intestinal transit time and reduce drug absorption.

Explanation

Question 11 of 34

1

Which areas of the body are less likely to get a high concentration of a drug?

Select one or more of the following:

  • Heart

  • Liver

  • Kidney

  • Brain

  • Skin

  • Bone

  • Adipose tissue

Explanation

Question 12 of 34

1

Which of the following tissues have an especially high affinity for certain medication?

Select one or more of the following:

  • Bone marrow

  • Teeth

  • Eyes

  • Adipose tissue

  • Liver

  • Blood

Explanation

Question 13 of 34

1

Not all drug molecules in the plasma will reach their target because they bind reversibly to plasma proteins to form drug-protein complexes.

These drug-protein complexes are too large to cross capillary membranes, so the drug is not available for distribution to body tissues. In essence, ONLY unbound drugs can reach their target cells or be excreted by the kidneys.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 14 of 34

1

Which of the following describes drug-drug and drug-food interactions as it relates to distribution of the drug?

Select one of the following:

  • Some drugs can slow stomach motility or decrease intestinal transit time.

  • Some drugs have the ability to displace another drug from the plasma protein

Explanation

Question 15 of 34

5

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Each of the following are types of drug-drug interactions and what they mean:

-Addition: The action of drugs taken together as a .
-Synergism: The action of drugs resulting in a (more than total) effect.
-Antagonism: Drugs taken together with or effects.
-Displacement: 1 drug may shift another drug at a nonspecific protein-binding site, thereby altering the effect.

Explanation

Question 16 of 34

1

Which of the following is the primary site of drug metabolism?

Select one of the following:

  • Liver

  • Kidneys

  • Intestinal cells

  • Blood

Explanation

Question 17 of 34

1

During metabolism, the addition of side chains, known as conjugates, makes drugs more lipid soluble and more easily excreted by the kidneys.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 18 of 34

1

Most metabolism in the liver is accomplished by the hepatic microsomal enzyme system. A key enzyme in this system is what?

Select one of the following:

  • Cytochrome P-450

  • Cytochrome p-504

  • Cytochrome p-41

  • Blink-182

Explanation

Question 19 of 34

1

The primary actions of the hepatic microsomal enzymes are to inactivate drugs and accelerate their excretion.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 20 of 34

1

A prodrug is a drug that does not need to be metabolized to work.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 21 of 34

1

The first pass effect renders a large number of drugs given intravenously inactive before they can be distributed into the general circulation.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 22 of 34

1

Select pathologic states that could increase the duration of drug action by interfering with natural excretion of substances.

Select one or more of the following:

  • Liver disease

  • Renal failure

  • Excessive blood loss

  • Constipation

Explanation

Question 23 of 34

1

Select the drug that is more likely to be excreted by the kidneys.

Select one of the following:

  • Ionized

  • Nonionized

Explanation

Question 24 of 34

1

Select the drug that is LESS likely to be excreted by the kidneys.

Select one of the following:

  • Lipid-soluble

  • Water-soluble

Explanation

Question 25 of 34

1

The pH of the filtrate can affect secretion of certain drugs

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 26 of 34

1

Select the factors that affect respiratory secretion of drugs.

Select one or more of the following:

  • Diffusion

  • Gas solubility

  • Pulmonary blood flow

  • pH

  • Degree of drug ionization

  • Formation of drug-protein complexes

Explanation

Question 27 of 34

1

The lungs excrete less drugs in their original nonmetabolized form

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 28 of 34

1

Select the drug that is more likely to be secreted via a glandular route.

Select one of the following:

  • Lipid-soluble

  • Water-soluble

Explanation

Question 29 of 34

1

Drugs that are secreted in the bile are ultimately metabolized by the liver and excreted by the kidneys.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 30 of 34

1

The therapeutic response of most drugs is directly related to their level in the plasma.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 31 of 34

1

What is the minimum effective concentration of a drug?

Select one of the following:

  • The amount of drug required to produce a therapeutic effect.

  • The therapeutic range of the drug

  • The amount of time it takes to produce a therapeutic effect.

  • The drug's duration of action.

Explanation

Question 32 of 34

1

What is the toxic concentration of the drug?

Select one of the following:

  • The therapeutic range of the drug.

  • The point when the medication has reached its highest concentration.

  • The higher amount of a drug that is given to "prime" the bloodstream with a sufficient level of the drug.

  • The amount of time a drug maintains its therapeutic effect.

Explanation

Question 33 of 34

1

The represents the amount of time it takes to produce a therapeutic effect after drug administration. As the drug is absorbed and begins to circulate, the will occur when the medication has reached its highest concentration in the bloodstream. This does not, however, mean that the drug has reached its optimal therapeutic effect.

is the amount of time a drug maintains its therapeutic effect. It can be affected by many things, including drug concentration; dosage; route; and drug interactions with foods, supplements, herbs, and other drugs. The length of time required for the plasma concentration of a medication to decrease by 1/2 after administration is the drug's . This is the most common description of a drug's duration of action.

Drag and drop to complete the text.

    onset of drug action
    minimum effective concentration
    peak plasma level
    therapeutic range
    duration of drug action
    toxic concentration
    plasma half life
    maintenance dose

Explanation

Question 34 of 34

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

The plasma half-life of a drug is an essential pharmacokinetic variable with important clinical application. It relates to ; the longer it takes a drug to be , the greater the half life. With that being stated, people with extensive or disease will have an increased drug plasma half life. They will need medications less frequently, or will require a reduced drug.

Explanation

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