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A Levels PE Mind Map on Aspects of Personality, created by Hannah96 on 12/09/2014.
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1279367
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2019-02-18T17:52:14Z
Aspects of Personality
Those relatively stable and enduring aspects of individuals which
distinguish them from other people. Its their characteristics which
make them unique.
Hollanders Structure of
Personality
Role Related Behaviours
Refers to our behaviour at
any given time depending on
the specific circumstances
and our perception at that
time. Its the most
changeable aspect of our
personality. Might not be a
true reflection of our
psychological core.
Typical
Responses
Represents our usual
response to a situation
which is often learned. It
can be a good indicator
of the psychological core.
E.g. one may react to a
defeat by training harder
and viewing the
experience in a positive
manner, whereas
someone else may let it
get the better of them.
Psychological Core
Described as the
'real you'. It
comprises your
beliefs, values,
attitudes and self
worth, all of which
are relatively
permanent and
tend to be
resistant to
change.
Narrow Band Approach
Recognises two distinct personality
types.
Type A. Highly competitive,
strong desire to succeed, works
fast, likes to control, prone to
suffer stress.
Type B. Non-competitive,
unambitious, works more slowly,
doesn't enjoy control, less prone
to stress.
Sven Goran Eriksson.
He is more of a
strategist, taking his
time to work through
things. As a result he
works more slowly
and is less prone to
stress.
Anna Kournikova. She
appears to be less
competitive as she
concentrates on
commercial
modelling rather than
tennis.
Trait Theories
Represent the Nature approach.
Suggest we are born with inherited
characteristics which don't alter
over time and which cause us to
react in a similar fashion
irrespective of the situation. Traits
are seen to be stable and enduring.
This theory would allow us to
predict behaviour patterns in all
situations. It would help identify
potential performers who could
cope with the pressure of intense
competition without becoming
over aroused or aggressive.
Traits are measure using questionnaires.
However patterns may alter from situation
to situation. So using traits to predict
personality is unreliable. And there are no
common traits when trying to classify the
characteristics required to perform at elite
level.
Cattell's Theory - 16 Personality Factors
Personality can be profiled into 16 categories which gives
a more accurate picture of peoples characteristics and
behaviour patterns. He measured these traits using the
16PF questionnaire, but accepted that responses may be
different each time depending on motivation, mood and
situational factors.
Eysenck's Personality Dimensions
Suggested that individuals possess stable
traits based on two broad dimensions which
are derived from biological factors.
Extravert-Introvert Dimension.
Assumes that individuals
attempt to maintain a certain
level of arousal suitable for them.
This level of arousal is
controlled by the Reticular
Activating System.
Stable-Neurotic Dimension.
Based on emotionality and
the reaction of the
autonomic nervous system
to stressful situations.
Introvert. Needs less
arousal and
stimulation as their
RAS is already
stimulated and
additional excitement
will cause them to
become over aroused.
Extravert. Needs more
arousal and stimulation as
the RAS inhibits info received
via the sensory system. It
needs extra stimulation to
maintain optimum levels of
attention.
Stable. Individuals
tend to possess a
fairly slow and less
vigorous response
to stressful
situations.
Neurotic.
Individuals
have a rapid
reaction to
stressful
situations.
The two personality
dimensions are
independent of each
other and an
individual can be a
combination of the
differing traits.
Psychotism-Intelligence was
later added. This relates to
how far a person is prepared
to conform to society's rules
and conventions.
It was later claimed that most elite
performers possessed stable,
extravert characteristics. Other
claims included: extroverts would
be more likely to play high action
sports. Stable indiviudals were
more likely to participate in sport
compared to the general
population. Introverts would be
drawn to individual activities.
However none of this has been
proved conclusive.
Criticisms include: Its too
simplistic, doesn't account for
personality changing over time,
doesn't account for
environmental or situational
factors, they aren't an accurate
predictor of sporting preference,
and they have a limited value as
a predictor of sporting sucess.
However the identification of
personality traits may be useful to a
coach in order to highlight potential
difficulties an individual might
encounter, and employ strategies to
reduce any negative behaviour
patterns that might arise.
Interactionist Approach
Proposes that personality is a mixture
of inherited traits and a person's
current situation. It was proposed by
Bowers. It possesses greater validity
as it explains why we alter our
behaviour from one moment to the
next. Its a combination of Trait Theory
and Social Learning Theory.
The dominance of either
the personality or the
situation depends on
their specific relative
strength at that time.
For example, if the situational
factors are strong, such as in a
highly competitive match with a
high extrinsic reward for success,
these factors may be more
influential on behaviour than
personality.
Lewin B= F
(PE)
Behaviour,
Function,
Personality,
Environment
Someones behaviour
may change due to a
crowd, or significant
other watching, who the
match or performance
is against, and how
important the final
outcome is.
The coach will use this approach and
attempt to identify characteristic
behaviour patterns in specific situations.
For example if a player becomes over
aroused or aggressive in the final stages
of a match, various stress management
techniques can be developed. Or attempts
can be made to alter behaviour patterns if
they can pinpoint specific situations that
have a negative impact on them.
Measurement of Personality
The two main ways of measuring personality is through
observations or questionnaires. Self Report Q's such
as the EPI, Cattells 16PF and the AMI are widely used
because they are easy to administer, collection of
data is straightforward, and large numbers can be
accommodated in s short space of time.
However they have been criticised because
they aren't really valid as there is no
definition of personality. Reliability can be
questioned as results may vary if repeated.
Participants response may be affected by
their mood, situation, attitude towards the
test. Respondents may lie and give more
socially accepted answers. Participants may
not fully understand the question. Possible
response answers such as 'yes' or 'no' may
be too limited. Respondents should be fully
informed about the questionnaire and made
aware that they can withdraw at any time.
More psychologists now use
more sport specific objective
questionnaires such as the
Sport Competition Anxiety Test
(SCAT) and the Competitive
State Anxiety Inventory (CSAI-2)
as they provide more reliable
evidence.
Observation techniques
involve the performers
behaviour being recorded in
specific situations over a
period of time. A personality
profile can be constructed
then. This method is useful
however its time
consumingand subjective.
Interviews can also be used, with a series of questions
devised to reflect behaviour patterns in different
situations. the Q's could be similar to the ones found in
the EPI. The major problems with this method is the same
for that of Questionnaires.
Profile of Mood States
Morgan (1979) mood states are more useful in the identification of
successful athletes. Rather than stable personality traits being
the most important factor, mood states are temporary and change
with the situation. This could be seen as a better predictor of
performance and behaviour.
McNair (1971)
developed POMS
which measures
6 mood states:
tension,
Depression,
Anger, Vigour,
Fatigue and
Confusion
Morgan compared the mood states
of various performers and
suggested that to be a successful
performer the score of vigour
should be high, whilst tension,
depression, fatigue and confusion
scores should be lower.
Known as the Iceberg Profile.
There has been extensive research to support
this suggestion. There is evidence demonstrating
that it's possible to reach elite level without
displaying the Iceberg profile. Others have
mentioned that as success is achieved this
contributes to a positive self image, high
confidence levels, and positive mood states.
Personality and Sporting Performance
Key factors are; No clear link between personality type and success in sport, No
clear link between personality and the choice of sport, Personality can be
affected by the situation and the environment.
Theory of Achievement Motivation
Attempts to link personality with competitiveness and to
explain why a performer may behave in a specific manner
when faced with a particular task.
McCelland and Atkinson viewed AM as a stable aspect of personality. They
suggested we all have two underlying motives when placed in a situation where
some form of evaluation takes place.
The Need to Achieve
They will display the
following characteristics;
a sense of pride from
competing,
perseverance, welcome
feedback, quick
completion of the task,
optimism, confidence,
take responsibility,
attribute performance to
internal factors, prepared
to take ricks, enjoy being
evaluated, they don't
mind if they fail.
The Need to Avoid Failure
they will display the
following
characteristics;
attempt to avoid
humiliation, worry
about failure, avoid
situations with a 50/50
chance of success,
choose tasks which
are very easy or very
hard, dislikes
personal feedback,
attributes
performance to
external factors, their
performance tends to
deteriorate when
being evaluated, they
give up easily.
When faced with a competitive
situation we make a decision
based on the relative strengths
of aspects of our personality.
Achievement Motivation
= Desire to Succeed -
Fear of Failure.
Will tend to have a higher
motive to achieve, tend to
have approach behaviour
patterns.
Tend to have a
higher motive to
avoid failure, will
have avoidance
behaviour.
Level of achievement is a combination of
personality and an evaluation of the situational
factors.
Two Aspects; the probability of success, the
incentive value of the success.
Expressed as:
(Motive to
Succeed - Motive
to avoid Failure) x
(Probability of
Success x
{Incentive Value
of Success -
Probability of
Success})
Evaluation Points. Its most useful
when the task involves a 50/50 chance
of success, 'Success' may mean
different things for individuals,
Measuring achievement motivation
using attitudes and anxiety scales may
be unreliable, Achievement Motivation
isn't a global concept, No clear
relationship between achievement
motivation and performance has been
established, however it is useful when
attempting to predict long-term
motivation.
Achievement Goal Theory
Suggests a performers level of achievement motivation will differ depending on
the reasons for his or her participation, the goals set and the relative meanings of
those goals.
Outcome Goal. A goal that is set to judge
the performance of an individual against
others and the end result. If the goal is
realistic and within the performers
capability, and they achieve the aim,
motivation and feelings of pride and
self-esteem are increased. However it
can be demotivating if the performer is
unsuccessful, especially after repeated
attempts. The performer may feel shame
and attribute the failure to their own
ability, causing them to adopt avoidance
behaviour patterns in the future.
Task-Orientated Goal. A
goal that is used to judge
the performance of the
individual against their
own standards, rather than
in comparison with
competitors. Foe example
with a cyclist this could
include; applying the
tactics as agreed with the
coach, using effective
slipstreaming, comparing
how close they were to a
PB.
If the goal is realistic, the performer
can evaluate their own actions, and
not worry about comparison with
others. This helps reduce anxiety,
allowing them to remain motivated.
This type of goal may be an effective
method of developing a performer's
approach behaviour and
encouraging a positive motive to
succeed.
Developing Approach Behaviour
Provide positive childhood experiences, and encourage feelings of pride
through success.
Reduce punishment and negative feelings.
Gradually increase the task difficulty, but
ensure that challenging tasks are set.
Cater for all levels of ability.
Raising levels of self efficacy and
avoiding Learned Helplessness.
set appropriate goals.
Consider cultural differences.
Use attributions correctly.
Provide encouragement from significant others.
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