There are a variety of ways in which news is presented and can be accessed. Up until the 1990s, what were the main sources of news in the UK?

However, the 21st century saw the appearance of new media sources of news. Give examples:

The source of news an individual will have a preference for largely depends on their age. What source do 60% of the 16-24 age group use?

The trend of this age group using alternative, modern sources to access news has led to sociologists speculating what?

However, which sociologist argues that the use of new media as a source of news might not actually be that revolutionary due to the fact that those using the internet and/or apps to consume news are predominantly using the websites of the traditional news-gatherers?

One source of online news are social media websites. What percentage of people used Facebook and Twitter as a source of news?

However, despite the growth of new media, a 2014 Ofcom study found that television remained the most popular platform for news. What percentage of people stated that they were most likely to use the television to access news coverage?

Why do the majority of the UK population trust television news coverage more than any other source?

Other sources, such as newspapers, are not considered to be trustworthy. Instead, what do readers believe of newspaper coverage?

Denis McQuail argues that an event simply happening does not guarantee that it will become news. Why?

How is news actually a socially manufactured product?

Media sociologists argue that the process of news selection typically depends on three broad influences. What are they?

Which sociologist defines 'news values'?

How does Spencer-Thomas define news values?

News values determine what journalists, editors and broadcasters consider 'newsworthy'. What is considered newsworthy will vary between various outlets?

Which sociological perspective argues that news values are of crucial importance because of the pressure producers are under to increase profits?

Following this line of thought, what shape news values, according to pluralists?

Who provided the most well-known list of news values?

Galtung and Ruge analysed international news across a group of newspapers in Norway in 1965 and identified a number of values shared by Norwegian journalists and editors as to what constituted a newsworthy story. Give examples:

The first value is 'extraordinariness'. What is meant by this?

The second value is 'threshold'. What is meant by this?

The third value is 'unambiguity'. What is meant by this?

The fourth value is 'reference to elite persons'. What is meant by this?

The fifth value is 'reference to elite nations'. What is meant by this?

The sixth value is 'personalisation'. What is meant by this?

The seventh value is 'frequency'. What is meant by this?

The eighth is 'continuity'. What is meant by this?

The ninth value is 'negativity'. What is meant by this?

The tenth value is 'composition'. What is meant by this?

However, Galtung and Ruge have faced criticism. How do Paul Brighton and Dennis Foy respond to the ten proposed news values?

Which sociologists updated Galtung and Ruge's list?

Give examples of the updated news values identified by Harcup and O'Neill:

Why do Brighton and Foy criticise Harcup and O'Neill?

Why do Brighton and Foy argue that it is unlikely that there is a consensus among journalists and audiences as to what is newsworthy?

Brighton and Foy argue that journalism is undergoing change, with the traditional news values no longer being relevant. Brighton and Foy say modern day media is characterised by which three traits?

What is meant by 'spin doctors'?

The concept of spin doctors challenges what?

Which sociologist developed the concept of 'churnalism'?

What does Davies mean by 'churnalism'?

According to Davies, what percentage of news stories found in tabloid newspapers come from "official sources" such as PR professionals?

Angela Phillips agrees with Davies' findings. What does she argue is common practice among journalists these days?

What is the result of churnalism?

Which sociologist developed the concept of 'citizen journalism'?

What does Drudge mean by 'citizen journalism'?

Why is it important to examine the organisational or bureaucratic routines that exist within particular news organisations?

Give examples of said logistics:

The first logistic is financial cost. How does this influence the selection and presentation of news?

Cost-cutting has two effects on the quality of news. What are they?

The second logistic is the available time or space. How does this influence the selection and presentation of news?

The third logistic is deadlines. How does this influence the selection and presentation of news?

The fourth logistic is immediacy and actuality. How does this influence the selection and presentation of news?

The fifth logistic is audience. How does this influence the selection and presentation of news?

The sixth logistic is journalistic ethics. How does this influence the selection and presentation of news?

Richard Keeble and John Mair have pointed out the unethical culture and practices of some sections of the news media. What are all British newspapers signed up to, which insists that they do not publish inaccurate, misleading information?

However, the code of conduct has been criticised for not being powerful enough. Why?

Which body is responsible for protecting people from being exposed to harmful or offensive material, from being treated unfairly and from having their privacy violated by television or radio in the UK?

In 2011, the biggest media scandal since the 1990s unfolded. What was it?

In response to the scandal, what inquiry was established?

Lord Justice Leveson recommended the creation of an independent regulatory body that would hear complaints from victims of unfair press treatment and have the power to impose punishments on news organisations. How did the government respond to these recommendations?

Marxists are highly critical of the belief that news gathering is mainly based on a set of objective news values. Who claimed that these beliefs are merely ideological myths created by media owners?

McChesney claims that, in reality, democracy is sabotaged by the fact that powerful media owners are able to influence the social manufacturing of news. How are they able to do this?

Following this line of thought, an owner does not have to exercise day-to-day control. Why?

Which two sociologists claimed that rather than being shaped by news values, news gathering is shaped by profit?

Herman and Chomsky argue that there are a range of filters working tirelessly to shape a news output, ensuring it supports and spreads capitalist ideology. Why is this the case?

As a result, news and its values are not objective. Instead, what is it a form of?

According to Ben Bagdikian, how do capitalist values often undetectably infiltrate American news?

Why is the news supportive of capitalist interest, according to Stuart Hall?

Hall claims that most journalists consider the views of primary definers as more important and credible than those of 'ordinary' people. How does he refer to this?

What is the result of this hierarchy of credibility?

The GUMG argue that the selection and presentation of news is actually the product of what?

The GUMG argue that news journalists engage in agenda setting. What is meant by this?

Which sociologist found that the language used by journalists was more sympathetic to the interests of the powerful, and regularly devalued the perspectives of less powerful groups?

According to Fiske, what word did journalists frequently use to describe trade unions? What implication does this have?

Which two sociologists identify a 'circuit of communication' in which production, content and reception of news are constantly impacting one another, although in unequal proportions?

Philo and Miller identify four groups involved in this circuit of communication. Who are they?

Which sociologist is critical of marxist theories?

Schlesinger argues that the media does not always act in the interests of the powerful. What example does he give of this?

While marxists claim that the media's primary concern is to create and disseminate ideology, what does Schlesinger see their primary concern as?

News coverage occasionally focuses on particular groups and/or activities and, through their style of reporting, define these groups/activities as issues worthy of public anxiety and official control. What is this public anxiety referred to?

Which sociologist first used the term 'moral panic'?

Cohen claimed that moral panics result in anxiety and a sense of threat among the general population. How does this anxiety impact authorities?

According to Cohen, how many stages does news reporting go through in the construction of a moral panic?

The types of events that caused moral panics may conform to what concept?

Moral panics may also be the result of the desire journalists and editors have to sell newspapers. Following this line of thought, what may moral panics be a good example of?

Hall studied news coverage of black muggers in the 1970s. He concluded that the moral panic actually served capitalist interests. How?

The moral panic theory has faced criticisms. Why are postmodernists critical of moral panics?

Similarly, which two sociologists argue that competition between different types of news media means that audiences are exposed to a wider set of news interpretations, meaning they are 'more skeptical' of moral panics?

However, Andrew Keen suggests that interactive new media may actually accelerate moral panics. How?