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what are the 2 main components of bacterial replication
describe DNA replication in bacteria
what is a plasmid
describe binary fission
explain the steps in bacterial DNA replication
how do bacteria acquire genetic variation if they replicate asexually
what are the 3 types of DNA transfer
describe the process of transduction
describe the process of conjugation
describe the process of transformation
what is the cell cycle?
what phase do cells spend the most time in?
explain generally what is occuring in G1, S, G2 and mitosis
what is cytokinesis?
what is the main purpose of mitosis
how many chromosomes do humans have in each cell nucleus, how many do we receive from each parent?
what is the difference between homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids?
what is a karyotype
what are the main events that occur in EACH of the stages of mitosis
what is the role of the spindle fibres
how many chromosomes are in each new daughter cell
Somatic Cells - division/purpose/diploid or haploid/number of chromosomes
Germ Cells - division/purpose/diploid or haploid/number of chromosomes
Gametes - division/purpose/diploid or haploid/number of chromosomes
what is apoptosis
what is angiogenisis? and how does it relate to cancer
describe the 3 check points and how they are involved in cell - cycle regulation
what is a carcinogen
what can cause cancer
diff. between
proto-oncogene
oncogene
tumor supressor- gene
what kinds of DNA mutations could be involved in cancer
Mitosis is in ______ cells
Meiosis is in _____ cells
what are alleles
what are sister chromatids
what is the centromere
which is the process of directly acquiring DNA from a pili?
which is the process of acquiring DNA from a virus?
what is the process in which chromosomes begin to wind up tightly called?
what phase of mitosis is this (spaghetti lookin)
what phase of mitosis is this (actual chromosomes now floatin around)
what stage of mitosis is this (lining up in the thing in the Middle)
what stage of mitosis is this (being pulled to opposite ends)
what phase of mitosis is this (cell starting to divide)
when is DNA replicated in meiosis
what does meiosis 1 do?
a. separate homologous pairs // b. separates sister chromatids
what does meiosis 2 do?
a. separates homologous pairs // b. separates sister chromatids
when does crossing over happen in meiosis
at the end of meiosis what is the result? (egg/sperm)
when do males start to undergo meiosis?
what bond holds together a base pair in DNA
what bond holds together the sugar-phosphate backbone
what are the 5 nucleotides that make up nucleic acid macromolecules
which nucleotides are purines, which are pyrimidines?
which is double ringed / single ringed:
pyrimidines / purines
which has an OH group attached to their 5 carbon sugar
ribose / deoxyribose
which has just H attached to its 5 carbon sugar
ribose / deoxyribose
what is chargaffs rule
what did franklin, watson and crick discover?
whats the diff between nucleoside and nucleotide
how do our cells acquire nucleosides
where are proteins produced
why are telomeres important
do bacteria have telomeres? why/why not
what strand of DNA can DNA polymerase add new nucleotides to
what is the leading / lagging strand
what is the thing called that the lagging strand has to use to be replicated
what is the enzyme that links the new DNA segments together called
what does helicase do
how do our cells deal with mutations? (2)
what if a mutation still occurs? (2)
what if a mutation STILL occurs (1)
what are the 3 main types of mutations in cells
what mutation type is this an example of:
THE CAT SAW THE DOG --->
THE BAT SAW THE DOG
what mutation type is this an example of:
THE CAT SAW THE DOG
THE CRA TSA WTH EDO G
what mutation type is this an example of:
THE CAT SAW THE DOG
THE _ ATS AWT HED OG
what do you call a substance that mutates DNA
what do you call a substance that mutates DNA AND ALSO causes cancer
what is the difference between exons and introns
what are the 3 parts to the path of central dogma
what are the 3 kinds of RNA and their functions
where does transcription occur
what are the 3 stages of transcription (IN ELephants Trunk)
which refers to producing RNA from a gene
transcrition // translation
what is another name form the template strand?
a. coding // b. sense // c. antisense
how do we have so many more proteins than genes?
a. alternative splicing // b. mutations // c. DNA replication
which enzyme adds the complimentary nucleotides in transcription
a. primase // b. DNA polymerase // c. RNA polymerase
which is a regulatory sequence for polymerase to initiate transcription
what does a splicosome do?
a. brings amino acids to the ribosome
b. helps the ribosome bind to the mRNA
c. removes introns
d. folds proteins
what is added to the 5' end of the mRNA molecule during RNA processing
a. guanines // b. adenines // c. thymines // d. cytosines
what is the sense (coding) strand / what is the antisense (template) strand
3' ---> 5'
5' ---> 3'
what strand codes for the gene
sense // antisense
where does transcription take place
how does RNA polymerase "know" where the beginning of a gene is located
what is almost always the first codon in an mRNA molecule
which strand of DNA does the polymerase use to form the mRNA molecule? in which direction does polymerase transcribe mRNA
what are ribosomes composed of (4)
explain the small subunit and the large subunit
which site of the ribosome are PePtide bonds formed
what is cellular respiratiOn essentially
what molecule is used as energy in our cells
how does ATP give us energy
what does oxidation and reduction mean
LEO goes GER
what is the difference between aerobic and anearobic respiration
where do the following occur:
glycolysis
pyruvate oxidation
krebs cycle
electron transport chain
does glycolysis produce a lil or lot of ATP
how many pyruvate molecules are made from 1 glucose
how many NADH molecules are made in glycolysis
how many ATP are required to start the process of glycolysis
what are the final products of glycolysis
during which process is acetyl CoA produced
where does pyruvate oxidation occur
what is the most important product of Krebs cycle
when is CO2 produced
how many FADH2 molecules are formed during krebs
what is the end product of pyruvate oxidation
what waste product is created during krebs and P.O
how much ATP is produced in KRebs
why are NADH and FADH so important
define homozygous
define heterozygous
define dominant / recessive
phenotype vs genotype
punnett squares
