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Psychology 150 Quiz on CHAPTER 3, created by J P on 03/12/2017.

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CHAPTER 3

CHAPTER 3

Question 1 of 74

1

Personality assessment refers to ________.

Select one of the following:

  • a treatment for personality disorders

  • the analysis and interpretation of genetic markers of personality

  • the measurement of any characteristic pattern of behavior, thought, or emotion

  • the selection of a group of individuals with the most unique temperaments

Explanation

Question 2 of 74

1

Personality assessment would be relevant to which of the following constructs?

Select one of the following:

  • attitudes toward political leaders

  • extraversion

  • aggression

  • all of the above

Explanation

Question 3 of 74

1

What term refers to personality inventories that are designed to measure a wide range of traits?

Select one of the following:

  • big bandwidth inventories

  • high-fidelity inventories

  • omnibus inventories

  • Big Seven inventories

Explanation

Question 4 of 74

1

The California Psychological Inventory (CPI) was designed to ________.

Select one of the following:

  • assess individuals with psychological disorders

  • assess normal individuals

  • identify the Big Five personality factors

  • assess Jung’s psychological types

Explanation

Question 5 of 74

1

What does the acronym MMPI stand for?

Select one of the following:

  • Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

  • Minnesota Multiple Personality Inventory

  • Michigan Major Personality Inventory

  • Michigan Multiple Personality Inventory

Explanation

Question 6 of 74

1

The MMPI was designed to ________.

Select one of the following:

  • assess individuals with psychological disorders

  • assess normal individuals

  • identify the Big Five personality factors

  • assess Jung’s psychological types

Explanation

Question 7 of 74

1

Although Funder draws a distinction between S and B data, the distinction between ________ tests is
also discussed in the text.

Select one of the following:

  • clinical and nonclinical

  • projective and objective

  • quantitative and qualitative

  • subjective and objective

Explanation

Question 8 of 74

1

Recent research using the Implicit Association Test (IAT) to study shyness indicates that ________.

Select one of the following:

  • “controlled” aspects of shyness can be predicted using S data, but uncontrolled or
    spontaneous aspects can be more accurately predicted using B data

  • “controlled” aspects of shyness can be predicted using B data, but uncontrolled or
    spontaneous aspects are more accurately predicted based on S data

  • S data were unrelated to any aspects of shy behavior, but B data predicted many facets of
    shy behavior

  • B data were unrelated to any aspects of shy behavior, but S data predicted many facets of
    shy behavior

Explanation

Question 9 of 74

1

An IQ test yields what kind of data?

Select one of the following:

  • B

  • I

  • L

  • S

Explanation

Question 10 of 74

1

The Implicit Association Test (IAT) yields what kind of data?

Select one of the following:

  • B

  • I

  • L

  • S

Explanation

Question 11 of 74

1

Your responses to the personality test item “I am an intelligent person” would be ________ data,
whereas your score on an intelligence test that reflects the number of problems you got right would be
________ data.

Select one of the following:

  • B; L

  • S; L

  • I; B

  • S; B

Explanation

Question 12 of 74

1

A projective test yields ________ data.

Select one of the following:

  • B

  • I

  • L

  • S

Explanation

Question 13 of 74

1

According to the text, one of the nonpsychometric functions of projective tests is to ________.

Select one of the following:

  • diagnose psychiatric disorders

  • increase the billable hours of clinical psychologists

  • break the ice between client and therapist

  • reduce countertransference between client and therapist

Explanation

Question 14 of 74

1

As described in the text, according to some motivation researchers, the Thematic Apperception Test
(TAT) measures ________, whereas questionnaire-based measures predict ________.

Select one of the following:

  • what people want; actual performance

  • what people need; what people want

  • what people want; how motives are expressed

  • how motives are expressed; actual performance

Explanation

Question 15 of 74

1

According to the text, which projective test appears to have produced evidence that comes close to
establishing its validity?

Select one of the following:

  • Draw-A-Person Test

  • Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

  • Buss-Perry Aggression Q-Sort

  • Draw-A-Face Test

Explanation

Question 16 of 74

1

What is the name of the newer, shorter version of the TAT?

Select one of the following:

  • Q-Sort Card Projection

  • Picture Sort Test

  • TAT-RTAT-R

  • Picture Story Exercise

Explanation

Question 17 of 74

1

A psychologist administering the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) asks respondents to ________.

Select one of the following:

  • draw a person so that the psychologist may determine which parts are left out or
    exaggerated

  • describe their current level of hostility so that the psychologist can measure their type A
    tendencies

  • tell stories about pictures that the psychologist shows them

  • describe their perceptions of the causes of people’s behavior so that the psychologist can
    measure attributional complexity

Explanation

Question 18 of 74

1

All projective tests ________.

Select one of the following:

  • involve stimuli with no clear meaning

  • involve the construction of stories and narratives

  • require choosing among multiple, predetermined alternatives

  • rely on computer scoring methods

Explanation

Question 19 of 74

1

If you were shown an inkblot and asked to describe what you saw, you would be taking the ________.

Select one of the following:

  • MMPI

  • CPI

  • Rorschach test

  • Thematic Apperception Test

Explanation

Question 20 of 74

1

When evaluated as psychometric instruments, most projective tests ________.

Select one of the following:

  • do not fare very well

  • have validity but little reliability

  • have generalizability but little validity

  • do as well as objective tests like the CPI and MMPI

Explanation

Question 21 of 74

1

Which of the following is a limitation of projective tests?

Select one of the following:

  • Clinicians tend to find them relatively unhelpful despite their considerable validity.

  • Projective tests are relatively inefficient and expensive to administer.

  • Although projective tests discriminate between known groups, the content of the items
    may seem absurd to test takers.

  • Respondents uniformly hate taking projective tests because of their length.

Explanation

Question 22 of 74

1

If a test consists of a list of True/False questions and is graded using a computer-scored answer sheet,
then it is a(n) ________.

Select one of the following:

  • projective test

  • Q-sort

  • objective test

  • commonality scale

Explanation

Question 23 of 74

1

The reason that objective tests include so many items is to increase the ________ of the test.

Select one of the following:

  • criterion-related validity

  • reliability

  • content validity

  • construct validity

Explanation

Question 24 of 74

1

The improvement in reliability gained by adding additional “good” test items can be precisely
calculated using the ________ formula.

Select one of the following:

  • Pearson Product Moment

  • alpha

  • Tucker-Lewis

  • Spearman-Brown

Explanation

Question 25 of 74

1

Which of the following is an objective test?

Select one of the following:

  • MMPI

  • TAT

  • Rorschach inkblots

  • Picture Story Exercise

Explanation

Question 26 of 74

1

Increasing the number of items on a test makes it a better instrument according to which principle?

Select one of the following:

  • construct validation

  • operational definition

  • aggregation

  • incremental validation

Explanation

Question 27 of 74

1

Which objective personality scale could be used to identify individuals who cannot read text?

Select one of the following:

  • the F scale

  • the MMPI Lie scale

  • the PPI Illiterate Responder scale

  • the CPI Commonality scale

Explanation

Question 28 of 74

1

If everybody read, interpreted, and answered an item in exactly the same way, then that item
________.

Select one of the following:

  • would not be very useful for the assessment of individual differences

  • would be very informative about personality

  • was developed using the rational method of test construction

  • is empirically derived

Explanation

Question 29 of 74

1

The basis of the ________ method of test construction is to come up with items that seem directly,
obviously, and logically related to what it is you wish to measure.

Select one of the following:

  • rational

  • empirical

  • philosophical

  • factor analytic

Explanation

Question 30 of 74

1

What is the most common method of test construction?

Select one of the following:

  • factor analytic

  • rational

  • empirical

  • a combination of factor analytic and empirical methods

Explanation

Question 31 of 74

1

According to the text, the last step in a factor analysis is to ________.

Select one of the following:

  • calculate correlation coefficients between all item pairs

  • administer the items to a new sample

  • find new criterion groups

  • name the factors

Explanation

Question 32 of 74

1

The factor analytic technique of test construction is designed to________.

Select one of the following:

  • identify individuals who are attempting to lie or sabotage a test

  • identify groups of test items that seem to be alike

  • identify items that mean the same thing to the respondent as they do to the researcher

  • create projective tests

Explanation

Question 33 of 74

1

What is the first step in the empirical method of scale construction?

Select one of the following:

  • Gather lots of items.

  • Identify the groups.

  • Administer items to a large sample.

  • Conduct a factor analysis on existing scales.

Explanation

Question 34 of 74

1

The primary criterion for item selection in the empirical method of test construction is determining
whether the item ________.

Select one of the following:

  • makes the scale more reliable

  • discriminates between two known groups

  • loads highly on its primary factor

  • will be challenged in a legal context

Explanation

Question 35 of 74

1

A test created using the empirical method yields what kind of data?

Select one of the following:

  • B

  • I

  • L

  • S

Explanation

Question 36 of 74

1

The Woodworth Personality Data Sheet was designed to measure psychiatric problems in what group?

Select one of the following:

  • college students

  • U.S. Army recruits

  • potential employees of Target stores

  • high school students

Explanation

Question 37 of 74

1

The approach to personality test construction that examines a set of correlations among many items in
order to identify which items are highly correlated is called the ________ approach.

Select one of the following:

  • nomothetic

  • idiographic

  • rational

  • factor analytic

Explanation

Question 38 of 74

1

Factor analysis can ________.

Select one of the following:

  • give psychological meaning to groups of traits

  • unquestionably determine the basic dimensions of personality

  • identify groups of items that go together

  • tell which items best differentiate normal and abnormal populations

Explanation

Question 39 of 74

1

The sole basis on which items are selected for empirically derived personality scales is whether
________.

Select one of the following:

  • their content adequately reflects the construct to be measured

  • they are correlated with other items on the scales

  • the respondent will be willing and able to give an accurate self-assessment for them

  • they are answered differently by different kinds of people

Explanation

Question 40 of 74

1

Dr. Akita is designing a test to measure sociability. She writes items that seem directly and obviously
related to sociability, such as “I like to go to parties” and “I enjoy the company of other people.”
Dr. Akita is using the ________ method of test construction.

Select one of the following:

  • empirical

  • factor analytic

  • rational

  • projective

Explanation

Question 41 of 74

1

Imagine that you want to develop a test to measure depression. You gather a set of 100 potential test
items and ask a sample of people diagnosed with clinical depression and a sample of nondepressed
people to respond to the items. For your final version of the test, you decide to keep only the 15 items
that the depressed and nondepressed groups answered differently. You are using a(n) ________ method
of test construction.

Select one of the following:

  • factor analytic

  • rational

  • projective

  • empirical

Explanation

Question 42 of 74

1

If you were to fully develop a personality test without even looking at the item content, you would be
using the ________ method of test construction.

Select one of the following:

  • factor analytic

  • rational

  • projective

  • empirical

Explanation

Question 43 of 74

1

A test created using the rational method yields what kind of data?

Select one of the following:

  • S

  • I

  • L

  • B

Explanation

Question 44 of 74

1

The ________ method is NOT a basic method for constructing objective personality tests.

Select one of the following:

  • rational

  • empirical

  • factor analytic

  • consensus validation

Explanation

Question 45 of 74

1

According to the text, which of the following is NOT one of the conditions that must hold for an S data
personality test to accurately measure an attribute of personality?

Select one of the following:

  • The test taker must be able to make an accurate self-assessment.

  • All of the items must be valid indicators of the construct.

  • The test taker must be willing to report the self-assessment accurately.

  • The test must contain both positively and negatively worded items.

Explanation

Question 46 of 74

1

According to the text, what is the best approach to test construction?

Select one of the following:

  • the rational method

  • the factor analytic method

  • the empirical method

  • a combination of all three approaches

Explanation

Question 47 of 74

1

Which of the following approaches to test construction is the most atheoretical?

Select one of the following:

  • rational

  • factor analytic

  • content validation

  • empirical

Explanation

Question 48 of 74

1

Which of the following is NOT a major limitation of the factor analytic approach?

Select one of the following:

  • Usually the factors that emerge do not make sense in even well designed research.

  • The results are only as good as the items that are included in the analysis.

  • The factors are only as good as the criterion groups used to validate the measure.

  • It is up to psychologists to label the factors.

Explanation

Question 49 of 74

1

Faking responses in order to influence test results is most difficult on ________ constructed tests.

Select one of the following:

  • factor analytically

  • empirically

  • rationally

  • nomothetically

Explanation

Question 50 of 74

1

Inventories derived from the empirical method sometimes have items that seem strange or even
objectionable to test takers ________.

Select one of the following:

  • in order to catch test takers who are faking responses

  • because those items correlated with outcomes of interest to the test developers

  • to identify test takers who are prudish and close-minded

  • because those items seemed the most content-valid to the test developers

Explanation

Question 51 of 74

1

Which of the following statements does NOT apply to rationally constructed personality scales?

Select one of the following:

  • The items must all be face-valid indicators of what the tester is trying to measure.

  • The person who completes the form must be able and willing to report an accurate selfassessment.

  • Each item must mean the same thing to the person who fills out the form as it did to the
    psychologist who wrote it.

  • Items are selected with the aid of statistical analyses such as item response theory (IRT).

Explanation

Question 52 of 74

1

Currently, the consensus among most personality researchers is that there are ________ fundamental
personality traits.

Select one of the following:

  • 3

  • 5

  • 7

  • 16

Explanation

Question 53 of 74

1

The Big Five ________.

Select one of the following:

  • are the five key steps in the process of factor analysis

  • are steps in the construction of rational tests

  • factor analytically derived dimensions of personality

  • are the primary methods of test construction used by personality psychologists

Explanation

Question 54 of 74

1

Which of the following is NOT one of the Big Five?

Select one of the following:

  • psychoticism

  • conscientiousness

  • neuroticism

  • agreeableness

Explanation

Question 55 of 74

1

If a psychologist describes a research result as statistically significant, what does he or she typically
mean?

Select one of the following:

  • The result is important.

  • The result is large and dramatic.

  • The result is unlikely to have occurred by chance.

  • The result will likely revolutionize the field.

Explanation

Question 56 of 74

1

A researcher wants to conduct a significance test for the correlation between extraversion and
happiness. What is the null hypothesis in this analysis?

Select one of the following:

  • Extraversion is positively correlated with happiness.

  • Extraversion is negatively correlated with happiness.

  • Extraversion is the same construct as happiness.

  • Extraversion is uncorrelated with happiness.

Explanation

Question 57 of 74

1

What is the correct definition of the p-value?

Select one of the following:

  • probability that the null hypothesis is true

  • probability that the null hypothesis is false

  • probability that the observed result occurred by chance given that the null hypothesis is
    true

  • probability that the observed result occurred by chance given that the null hypothesis is
    false

Explanation

Question 58 of 74

1

Imagine that a researcher conducts a study and finds a statistically significant correlation between
eating pizza and aggression. However, there is no real association between eating pizza and aggression
in the population. What kind of error has this researcher made?

Select one of the following:

  • Type I

  • Type II

  • Type III

  • correlational

Explanation

Question 59 of 74

1

Imagine that a researcher conducts a study and fails to find a statistically significant correlation
between exercise and weight loss. However, there is a real association between exercise and weight
loss in the population. What kind of error has this researcher made?

Select one of the following:

  • Type I

  • Type II

  • Type III

  • correlational

Explanation

Question 60 of 74

1

Which of the following is NOT one of the concerns associated with the practice of null-hypothesis
significance testing?

Select one of the following:

  • A statistically significant result is not necessarily important or meaningful.

  • The smaller the sample size, the easier it is to find a significant effect.

  • The criterion for a significant result (p < .05) is arbitrary.

  • The p-value is easy to interpret and its logic is easy to describe.

Explanation

Question 61 of 74

1

The number between –1 and +1 that indexes the linear association between any two variables is called
________.

Select one of the following:

  • the significance level

  • the probability value

  • the alpha level

  • the correlation coefficient

Explanation

Question 62 of 74

1

The Binomial Effect Size Display is a method for illustrating the size of ________.

Select one of the following:

  • reliability coefficients

  • validity coefficients

  • correlation coefficients

  • p-values

Explanation

Question 63 of 74

1

A researcher computes a correlation coefficient between variables X and Y using a handheld calculator.
Which of the following values would automatically tell the researcher that he or she made a mistake?

Select one of the following:

  • 2.50

  • 0.75

  • 0

  • –0.98

Explanation

Question 64 of 74

1

Imagine that you could draw a flat horizontal line through the points on a scatter plot depicting the
relation between X and Y. Which of the following is the closest value to the correlation coefficient that
you would compute from these data?

Select one of the following:

  • –1.0

  • –0.5

  • 0

  • 1.0

Explanation

Question 65 of 74

1

Imagine that you could draw a line through the points on a scatter plot depicting the relation between
X and Y that slopes upward from left to right. Which of the following is a possible value for the
correlation coefficient that you would compute from these data?

Select one of the following:

  • –1.0

  • –0.5

  • 0

  • 1.0

Explanation

Question 66 of 74

1

Which of the following is good practice for interpreting a correlation?

Select one of the following:

  • finding a method that demonstrates the size of the correlation in a concrete manner

  • evaluating whether it is statistically significant at the p < .05 level

  • simply looking at the sign of the correlation and ignoring the actual value

  • squaring the value, so that you can interpret the value more easily

Explanation

Question 67 of 74

1

Using the Binomial Effect Size Display, if there is a correlation of .30 between drinking alcohol and
the likelihood of having a car accident, then out of 100 people who have been drinking, you would
expect ________ of them to have an accident.

Select one of the following:

  • 100

  • 45

  • 90

  • 65

Explanation

Question 68 of 74

1

Assume that you are studying 200 participants, all of whom are sick. An experimental drug is given to
100 of them; the other 100 are given nothing. If the correlation between taking the drug and living is .
26, then ________ percent of those who got the drug would still be alive at the end of the study.

Select one of the following:

  • 13

  • 63

  • 26

  • 52

Explanation

Question 69 of 74

1

Integrity tests administered in employment screening provide good measures of ________.

Select one of the following:

  • conscientiousness

  • intelligence

  • drug use on the job

  • sociability

Explanation

Question 70 of 74

1

Eliminating the use of personality tests in employment screening will ________.

Select one of the following:

  • prevent biases from affecting hiring decisions

  • decrease the likelihood that women and minorities will be discriminated against in hiring

  • increase the use of lie detector tests and drug tests in employment screening

  • not prevent traits from being judged but will change the ways traits are judged

Explanation

Question 71 of 74

1

One objection to the use of vocational interest tests is that these tests ________.

Select one of the following:

  • measure conscientiousness rather than vocational interest

  • may discourage women or minority group members from joining certain fields

  • measure performance ability rather than job interest

  • can be used to tell individuals what kind of occupational group they most resemble

Explanation

Question 72 of 74

1

Which of the following is an ethical issue involved in the research process?

Select one of the following:

  • how research findings are used

  • which research topics are studied

  • how truthful researchers are when describing their work

  • all of the above

Explanation

Question 73 of 74

1

Which of the following is the biggest concern that Funder has about the use of deception in
psychological research?

Select one of the following:

  • Most experiments that involve deception cause too much harm to participants.

  • Most experiments that involve deception are too silly to warrant such an extreme method.

  • The use of deception may harm the credibility of psychology and psychological
    researchers.

  • None of the above; Funder has few concerns about the use of deception in research.

Explanation

Question 74 of 74

1

Which of the following is NOT a typical argument used to justify deception in psychological research?

Select one of the following:

  • Participants have given informed consent and can withdraw their data if they are upset.

  • The use of deception actually educates participants about ethical concerns in research.

  • The deception typically does not harm participants.

  • Some topics can only be studied using deception.

Explanation

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